SPATIAL DISPERSION AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING OF THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON PROCESSING-TOMATOES IN OHIO

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory P. Walker ◽  
Laurence V. Madden ◽  
Donald E. Simonet
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Good Linear ◽  
Mean Crowding ◽  
Linear Fit ◽  
Potato Aphids ◽  
Processing Tomatoes

AbstractSpatial dispersion of potato aphids was studied in fields of processing-tomatoes for 2 years to develop a sequential sampling scheme for the aphid. Potato aphids were found on upper, middle, and lower leaf strata in the percentages 60, 31, and 8. Dispersion was clumped, apterates more so than alates. Among-plant variance was generally greater than within-plant variance. There was a good linear relationship between mean crowding and the population mean and an excellent linear fit between log variance and log mean on all leaf strata for green and pink forms of the aphid and for alates and apterates. The log variance – log mean relationship was used as a basis for sequential sampling.

BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID, A NEW NICOTINYL INSECTICIDE, ON THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS) (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE)

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Boiteau ◽  
W.P.L. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Potato Aphids ◽  
Probing Behaviour ◽  
Flight Propensity ◽  
Significant Mortality

AbstractAdult potato aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), caged on potato terminal leaflets treated systemically with imidacloprid solutions ranging between 5.4 × 10−4 and 5.4 × 10−8 mL per mL water showed a significant reduction in the distance they travelled, time taken to travel a given distance, and flight propensity but no significant differences in the frequency or duration of short probing behaviour. The frequency of adult apterous potato aphids colonizing untreated potato leaflets or leaflets treated with an imidacloprid solution (5.4 × 10−4 mL per mL water) was not significantly different, indicating no repellency. Potato aphids moving from systemically treated to untreated leaflets did not recover much and their reduced walking ability was maintained for days. A 3-day exposure to vapour from an imidacloprid solution (5.4 × 10−4 mL per mL water) did not produce significant mortality or changes in nymphal production. The daily cumulative mortality obtained by caging potato aphids on potato leaflets placed in an imidacloprid solution (5.4 × 10−7 mL per mL water) was similar to that obtained in the field, on 20-day-old plants treated at planting with imidacloprid applied at 0.02 g Ai/m. None of the rates of imidacloprid tested stimulated the dispersal of apterous or alate potato aphids.

Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), in Tomatoes: Plant Canopy Distribution and Binomial Sampling on Processing Tomatoes in California

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Hummel ◽  
Frank G. Zalom ◽  
Gene M. Miyao ◽  
Nora C. Underwood ◽  
Andradi Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Binomial Sampling ◽  
Processing Tomatoes

Comparative propensity for dispersal of apterous and alate morphs of three potato-colonizing aphid species

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1396-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Boiteau
Keyword(s):  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Flight Chamber ◽  
Aphis Nasturtii ◽  
Potato Aphids

The relative ability of apterous and alate morphs of aphids to disperse from one potato leaflet to another was similar within species. Three species were tested: the buckthorn aphid, Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach, the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The average percentage of aphids moving daily from one leaflet to another never exceeded 2.5% for nymphs of the three species, but reached 45% for the adult winged buckthorn aphid. During the first half of the reproductive period, adult potato aphids were 1.5 times as likely as buckthorn aphids and twice as likely as green peach aphids to relocate daily. In a flight chamber, buckthorn aphids flew 4.5 times longer than green peach or potato aphids. The maiden flights of these summer forms were interrupted by repeated landings lasting less than 2 min. The maiden flights were interrupted more than twice as often for the buckthorn aphid as for the potato aphid. The number of flight interruptions was intermediate for the green peach aphid. Selected dispersal parameters for these aphid species are compared with those for the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli, an occasional potato-colonizing species. The percentage of green peach and potato aphids taking flight was significantly correlated with the temperature in the flight chamber. The implication of these results for the distribution of aphid populations and the epidemiology of viral diseases is discussed.

scholarly journals The O-factor: using the H-factor concept to predict the outcome of organosolv pretreatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prajin Joseph ◽  
Mihaela Tanase Opedal ◽  
Størker T. Moe
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Organosolv Pretreatment ◽  
Good Linear ◽  
Individual Biomass ◽  
Linear Fit ◽  
The Individual ◽  
P Factor

AbstractThe H-factor, a parameter used extensively to analyze and predict the outcome of kraft pulping, is applied to organosolv pretreatment. The total solid yield after organosolv pretreatment fits well with the H-factor. The concept has been extended to apply to the individual biomass polymers using unique values for the activation energy for the depolymerization of the individual biomass polymers, giving the O-factor concept analogous to the P factor used for analyzing prehydrolysis kinetics. The results showed a linear relationship between ln(L0/L) and O-factor at an activation energy of 96 kJ/mol. The best linear fit for mannan and xylan degradation was obtained at O-factor activation energies of 104 kJ/mol and 142 kJ/mol, respectively, and the formation of furfural and 5-HMF gave a good linear fit using an O-factor activation energy of 150 kJ/mol. The O-factor is thus a useful concept for analyzing organosolv pretreatment when the temperature during pretreatment is not constant.

scholarly journals Coi1-Dependent Signaling Pathway Is Not Required for Mi-1—Mediated Potato Aphid Resistance

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor K. Bhattarai ◽  
Qi-Guang Xie ◽  
Daniel Pourshalimi ◽  
Ted Younglove ◽  
Isgouhi Kaloshian
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Aphid Resistance ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Potato Aphids ◽  
F Box Protein ◽  
Ja Signaling

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has a unique resistance gene, Mi-1, that confers resistance to animals from distinct taxa, nematodes, and piercing and sucking insects. Mi-1 encodes a protein with a nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat motifs. Early in the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)—tomato interactions, aphid feeding induces the expression of the jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated proteinase inhibitor genes, Pin1 and Pin2. The jai1-1 (jasmonic acid insensitive 1) tomato mutant, which is impaired in JA perception, was used to gain additional insight into the JA signaling pathway and its role in the Mi-1—mediated aphid resistance. The jai1-1 mutant has a deletion in the Coi1 gene that encodes a putative F-box protein. In this study, aphid colonization, survival, and fecundity were compared on wild-type tomato and jai1-1 mutant. In choice assays, the jai1-1 mutant showed higher colonization by potato aphids compared with wild-type tomato. In contrast, no-choice assays showed no difference in potato aphid survival or fecundity between jai1-1 and the wild-type parent. Plants homozygous for Mi-1 and for the jai1 mutation were not compromised in resistance to potato aphids, using either choice or no-choice assays. In addition, the accumulation of JA-regulated Pin1 transcripts after aphid feeding was Coi1 dependent. Taken together, these data indicate that, although potato aphids activate Coi1-dependent defense response in tomato, this response is not required for Mi-1—mediated resistance to aphids.

scholarly journals Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), in Tomatoes: Plant Canopy Distribution and Binomial Sampling on Processing Tomatoes in California

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Hummel ◽  
Frank G. Zalom ◽  
Gene M. Miyao ◽  
Nora C. Underwood ◽  
Andradi Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Binomial Sampling ◽  
Processing Tomatoes

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN OILSEED FLAX

1995 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 967-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L. Wise ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Sequential Decision ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Aphid Density ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Plots

AbstractSequential decision plans based on aphid counts and binomial counts of infested plants (presence or absence of aphids) were developed to guide chemical control decisions for die potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, on two growth stages of oilseed flax in western Canada. The plans were derived from studies of aphid dispersion among plants in field plots at two locations over 4 years, and verified in samples from 51 commercial fields, in Manitoba. The relationship between variance (s2) and mean aphid density () perplant was loges2 = 0.790 ± 0.050 + (1.649 ± 0.031) loge (n = 69, r2 = 0.98), for both crop growth stages. Neither sweep samples nor pan samples produced reliable estimates of the number of aphids per plant and, therefore, these sampling tools could not replace aphid counts on individual plants. Aphid counts and the binomial method gave similar control decisions with similar amounts of effort, but the aphid counting method required fewer plants to reach a decision. The same decisions were reached in 85–95% of fields by counting aphids on a minimum sample of 25 plants when the crop was in full bloom, or 20 plants at the green boll stage, as with samples of 50–100 plants.

MONITORING ANNUAL FLIGHT PATTERNS OF THE POTATO APHID MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (9) ◽  
pp. 963-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Bare Soil ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Flight Pattern ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Suction Traps ◽  
Potato Aphids

AbstractPopulations of flying potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)), available to initiate new infestations on crops, were measured by plant trapping from 1966 to 1971 and by suction trapping from 1967 to 1978 at Harrow, Ontario. Yearly total catches were extremely variable and in some years there were periods of 2 weeks without catches during the summer. The long term annual flight pattern was a unimodal curve with a peak in August. Counts by plant trapping correlated with those obtained by suction trapping, and catches on Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, and peppers were all positively correlated. Plants exposed on a background of bare soil attracted more alatae than those exposed on a background of mowed weeds. The first female alatae were caught in the suction traps on 21 June ± 5 days each year and the first male alatae on 22 October ± 2 days. The last female alatae were caught on 21 October ± 5 days and the last males on 6 November ± 2 days.

PHOTOPERIODISM AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF AN APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS), IN OILSEED FLAX

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1049-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
P.A. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Population Decline ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Potato Aphids

AbstractThe potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), is a host-alternating species and an important pest of Canadian flax. Populations of this aphid are highest in flax when the weather is warm and dry in July. Field-plot studies show that populations of the potato aphid increase rapidly in late July and early August and decline rapidly in mid-August. In some years potato aphids die because of a fungal epizootic or drought-induced senescence of the crop, but usually these factors do not account for the population decline. Field cage studies show that the potato aphid emigrates from the crop in mid-August. The photoperiodic response of the potato aphid and resulting emigration explain the population decline in flax, which occurs in mid-August each year regardless of the growth stage of the crop, population density, or average temperature at the time of the photoperiodic cue. Male and mating female potato aphids, born at the end of August, have time to develop, mate, and lay eggs before temperatures drop below the developmental threshold. The population decline assures that farmers need not sample or control the potato aphid in flax after mid-August.

scholarly journals Post-Dropping Behavior of Potato Aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-239
Author(s):  
Rosalind K. Humphreys ◽  
Graeme D. Ruxton ◽  
Alison J. Karley
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Tactile Stimulus ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Antipredator Defense ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Potato Aphids ◽  
Lower Plant

AbstractDropping behavior is an effective antipredator defense utilized by many insects including aphids, which drop from plants to lower plant parts or underlying substrates to avoid attack from predatory invertebrates. While research commonly focusses on triggers of dropping, less attention is given to what happens to prey individuals following escape drops. In this study, the duration of tonic immobility, recovery rates, and cases of “instant recovery” (re-clinging to lower plant parts) exhibited by potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) that dropped from potted seedlings in response to introduced ladybird (Adalia bipunctata) adults, lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) larvae, and a standardized tactile stimulus were investigated in relation to a range of environmental factors. Air temperature had a negative correlation with the duration of post-dropping tonic immobility; as temperature increased, time spent motionless decreased. Aphids also showed a pattern of increased recovery rate at higher temperatures. Aphids may be selected to move off the substrate quicker to avoid risks of overheating/desiccation at higher temperatures; and/or higher body temperature facilitates locomotion. Stimulus type also influenced recovery rate back to the original seedling, with aphids generally recovering after the standardized stimulus quicker than after dropping triggered by a real predator. Considering cases of instant recovery onto lower-reaches of the host seedling, seedling height influenced the likelihood of re-clinging, with aphids that managed to instantly recover dropping from, on average, taller seedlings than aphids that dropped to the substrate. Plant architecture could mitigate the costs of dropping for aphids, but further studies quantifying understory foliage cover are needed.

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