RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WHOLE-PLANT MOISTURE, GRAIN MOISTURE, DRY MATTER YIELD, AND QUALITY OF WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. DAYNARD ◽  
R. B. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Plant Moisture Content

Identical experiments were conducted at the Elora Research Station, near Guelph, Ontario in 1970 and 1971 with the objective of determining the relationships among whole-plant dry matter (DM) yield, whole-plant moisture content, and grain moisture content of corn (Zea mays L.) during the later part of the growing season. Each experiment involved eight commercial hybrids representative of the range in maturity, endosperm type, lodging resistance, and grain yield potential of corn hybrids grown commercially in central Ontario. The hybrids were sampled at weekly intervals over an 8-wk period beginning approximately 1 September; the sampled plants were divided into their leaf, stalk, husk, ear and grain components and oven-dried. Fresh and dry weights were used to calculate dry matter (DM) yields and "at harvest" moisture contents of the various components, and of the entire plant. Averaged across the eight hybrids, maximum DM yield was attained at whole-plant moisture content of 66–70%, and a grain moisture content of 45–50%. Among hybrids, 66% whole-plant moisture corresponded to a range in grain moisture content from 41 to 47%. Two additional experiments were grown also at Elora in 1970 and 1971 to evaluate the effects of harvest date on the DM yield and in vitro digestibility of corn plants and their component plant parts. Each experiment involved four representative commercial hybrids which were sampled at four equal time intervals during the month of September, and divided into grain, cob, husks (including shank) and stover (including leaves, leaf sheaths, stalks and tassels) for dry weight and in vitro digestibility measurement. Whole-plant DM digestibility was essentially constant over a range of whole-plant moisture from 76 to 56% in 1970, and from 76 to 64% in 1971. The consistency of whole-plant digestibility was the result of compensating changes in component yield and digestibility. A decrease in the digestibility of the stover, husks and cob with delayed harvest was compensated for by an increase in the proportion of grain in the whole-plant yield.

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG HYBRID MATURITY, ENVIRONMENT, DRY MATTER YIELD AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF WHOLE-PLANT CORN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. LeDREW ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD ◽  
J. F. MULDOON
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Maturation Period ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Maturity Rating

Seven field experiments were conducted in 1975 and 1976 to investigate, under Ontario conditions, the influence of environment and hybrid maturity-by-environment interactions on (1) percent whole-plant and grain moisture at the time of maximization of whole-plant dry matter (DM) yield, and (2) the degree of coincidence of the dates of attainment of maximum whole-plant and grain DM yields. Each experiment involved three hybrids of each of three maturity classes which were harvested periodically during the maturation period. Quadratic regression equations were computed between whole-plant DM yield, percent whole-plant moisture, percent grain moisture, and days after July 31, and from these, estimates were made of maximum yields, dates of attainment of these maxima, and of percent whole-plant and grain DM on these dates of maximization. With the exception of one experiment which was affected by drought stress, whole-plant DM yield tended to increase with seasonal corn heat unit (CHU) accumulation (i.e., CHU from planting to first frost) across the seven experiments, and with increases in the CHU-maturity rating of the various hybrids. Percent whole-plant moisture at which forage DM maximized decreased as seasonal CHU accumulation increased and ranged from 58 to 69%. Percent grain moisture on date of maximization of whole-plant DM was affected by both seasonal CHU accumulation and hybrid maturity rating, and ranged from 25% for low-CHU hybrids in a high-CHU environment to 52% for the converse. Percent whole-plant moisture relative to percent grain moisture on date of attainment of maximum forage DM decreased at a rate of about 1% for each 100 CHU increase in hybrid maturity rating. Because of the large uncertainty in prediction of dates of attainment of maximum whole-plant versus grain DM yield, we were unable to answer with confidence the question as to whether the temporal difference between the two varied with seasonal CHU accumulation or hybrid maturity rating.Key words: Zea mays, forage, yield, moisture content

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF NEAR INFRARED CALIBRATIONS FOR ESTIMATING IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY IN WHOLE-PLANT CORN HYBRIDS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. VALDES ◽  
R. B. HUNTER ◽  
G. E. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Whole Plant

A comparison of two near infrared (NIRA) calibrations (C1 and C2) for the prediction of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDM) in whole-plant corn (WPC) was conducted. C1 consisted of 40 WPC samples collected from four locations across Ontario (Brucefield, London, Guelph and Elora). C2 consisted of 90 samples and included the above locations plus Pakenham and Winchester. Nine wavelengths were used in both equations but only three were common in C1 and C2 equations. These wavelengths were 2139 nm, 2100 nm, and 1445 nm, respectively. The predictions of IVDM utilizing both C1 and C2 were good. Coefficients of determination (r2) and standard error of the estimate (SEE) for calibration and prediction sets were 0.91, 1.7; 0.85, 1.7 for C1 and 0.88, 1.6; 0.77, 1.6 for C2 respectively. Regression analysis within location, however, showed low r2 values for the prediction of IVDM for Pakenham and Winchester in both calibrations. The more mature stage of harvest at these locations might be the cause of the poorer predictions. Key words: In vitro digestibility, whole-plant corn, near infrared reflectance

scholarly journals Effect of Hardening to drought Tolerance on the Moisture Content of Sunflower Plant. III. Moisture Percentage in Whole Plant

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 888-894
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Plant Moisture Content

The study was conducted during spring seasons of 2000 and 2001.The aim was to study the changes in the moisture content of sunflower plants during growth stages under hardening conditions to drought tolerance .Agricultural practices were made according to recommendation. Asplit-split plots design was used with three replications. The main plots included irrigation treatments:irrigation to100%(full irrigation),75and50%of available water. The sub plots were the cultivars Euroflor and Flame.The sub-sub plots represented four seed soaking treatments: Control (unsoaked), soaking in water ,Paclobutrazol solution(250ppm),and Pix solution(500ppm). The soaking continued for 24 hours then seeds were dried at room temperature until they regained their original weight. Amount of water for each irrigation were calculated to satisfy water depletion in soil using a neutron meter. Results indicated that plant moisture content was not affected by irrigation treatments in both seasons and as a mean of seasons ,except after 72 days from planting in the season 2000.when stress 800 Kp caused a decreased in moisture content by 4.55and 5.18% compared with full irrigation and stress 600 Kp, respectively. Euroflor was superior over Flame after 30 days from planting by 13.64% in the season of 2000 and by 6.23% as a mean of seasons , and by 2.80% after 86 days from planting in the season of 2001.While Flame was superior by 2.75% after 58 days from planting in the season of 2001. Soaking in water , paclobutrazol and pix solutions increased plant moisture content by 4.56,3.92 and 3.82% after 86 days from planting in the season 2000 , soaking in water and paclobutrazol solution increased plant moisture content by 2.61 and 2.62% as amean of seasons compared with unsoaked treatment. In conclusion, soaking the seeds presowing in water or plant growth regulators could improve water relations of plants , and increase moisture content in plants tissues especially during flowering and seed filling , when the water requirements increased and associated with high temperature in spring season in Iraq.

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON BARLEY, OATS AND TRITICALE GROWN AS FORAGE

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. NASS ◽  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
M. SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
X Triticosecale Wittmack

A 3-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of high rates of N fertilizer (NH4NO3) on whole plant dry matter yields, crude protein and NO3-N concentrations and in vitro digestibility of dry matter of oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) harvested at early dough stage. Dry matter (DM) yields of barley only were significantly increased by N applications over the zero N rate every year. Split applications of N at seeding and stem elongation did not generally result in higher DM yields than the corresponding single applications of N at seeding. The crude protein concentration ranged from 5.1 to 12.1% in the zero N check plot and from 7.1 to 14.9% in the N-fertilized plots. The NO3-N concentration in tissue was generally less than 0.10%, although NO3-N concentrations up to 0.34% were recorded in oats at 200–300 kg N/ha rates. For barley and triticale, the mean in vitro digestibility of DM was 57.2 and 58.3%, respectively, while the mean in vitro digestibility of DM for oats was much lower at 46.9%. In vitro digestibility of DM was affected very little by rates of N. The limitations in using cereals for forage are discussed.

A COMPARISON OF IN VITRO AND IN VIVO DRY MATTER DIGESTTBDLITY TECHNIQUES FOR THE EVALUATION OF FORAGE QUALITY

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. VALDES ◽  
G. E. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Standard Deviations

A two-stage cellulase-pepsin technique (CS) was compared with the two-stage rumen inoculum-pepsin (IVDMD) method to predict in vivo dry matter digestibility (in vivo DMD) in grasses (n = 30) and legumes (n = 25). Comparisons of CS with IVDMD in whole-plant corn (n = 186) were also conducted. There were significant correlations (P < 0.01) between CS and in vivo DMD and between CS and IVDMD in all forages. The coefficients of determination (r2) and residual standard deviations for the prediction of IVDMD by CS varied between 0.76 and 0.90 and 2.5 and 3.4, respectively. Key words: Digestibility (in vitro), digestibility (in vivo), fungal cellulases, forage

DRY MATTER YIELD, IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY, PERCENT PROTEIN, AND MOISTURE OF CORN STOVER FOLLOWING GRAIN MATURITY

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. LEASK ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Stover Yield

Past research and practical experience have shown that the stover of corn (Zea mays L.) can be used successfully as a roughage and energy source for ruminant animals. The present paper describes three experiments designed to study agronomic aspects of stover utilization. Specifically, the objectives were: (1) to study the rate of moisture loss from stover before and after grain harvest; (2) to measure the variability among commercial hybrids in stover quality and yield; and (3) to examine the relationships between grain and stover yield, and between grain and stover moisture percentage. Averaged across hybrids, 38% of the above-ground dry weight of corn was stover, including stalk, leaf, husk, and shank. At grain maturity, all adapted commercial hybrids produced stover dry matter yields in excess of 4,500 kg/ha with an in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) in excess of 52%. Lower yields of stover dry matter and stover IVDDM were evident for certain nonadapted, or nonrecommended hybrids. Within recommended hybrids there was a nonsignificant correlation between grain yield and stover yield. Percent IVDDM of the stover declined at a rate of 1.5%/wk following grain physiological maturity. Protein content of stover averaged 4.5% and was unaffected by hybrid or date of harvest. No relationship was evident among hybrids between percent stover moisture at harvest and percent grain moisture. The mean percent stover moisture, after adjustment by covariance to 30% grain moisture, was 57.8 with a standard deviation across hybrids of 11.4%. Stover dried at an average rate of 1.0 g water loss per 100 g fresh weight per day during the grain maturation period. Differences among hybrids in percent stover moisture at a common grain moisture were primarily a result of differences in the date at which stover began to dry below its initial moisture content of 80%. Grain harvest with a standard corn combine increased the drying rate of stover to approximately 1.5 g water per 100 g fresh weight per day during the period after grain maturity.

YIELD, QUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORAGE MAIZE AS INFLUENCED BY DATES OF PLANTING AND HARVESTING

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. FAIREY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Yield Quality

The effects of dates of planting and harvesting on yield, quality and development of forage maize were investigated in a 3-yr study. Treatments studied were all possible combinations of five planting dates, spaced at 2-weekly intervals from late April to mid-June, and three harvest dates (mid-September, early and mid-October). Between early May and mid-June, each 1-day delay in seeding resulted, on average, in a 1% reduction in whole-plant digestible dry matter yield. In vitro dry matter digestibility was not significantly affected by date of harvesting but was reduced progressively from 66 to 63% as the date of planting was delayed. Although grain content varied from 0 to 50% of whole-plant dry matter, it had little effect on the in vitro digestibility of forage maize, which only ranged from 62 to 68%, when whole-plant dry matter contents were acceptable for direct ensiling. During the grain-filling period (450–1600 corn heat units after mid-silking), whole-plant dry matter content (%) was linearly related to accumulated corn heat units (r2 = 0.83***); each 1% increase in dry matter content requiring an input of 40 corn heat units. Thus, using information on the date of mid-silking and daily air temperature records (long-term or current), it is possible to predict the date (average or actual) when whole-plant DM content reaches any desired magnitude for harvesting.Key words: Quality, planting date, harvest date, maize, corn, development

scholarly journals 127 Porcine in vitro digestibility of whole stillage predigested with multi-enzyme during different time periods

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
Kevin S Jerez Bogota ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Whole Stillage ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of the period of predigesting whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS) with multi-enzyme and composition of the multi-enzyme on porcine in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) of the WS. Four samples of whole stillage from 4 different sources were freeze-dried and divided into 13 subsamples to give 52 sub-samples. Thirteen treatments were applied to the 48 sub-samples within source. The treatments were undigested WS (control); or pre-digested with 1 of 3 multi-enzymes (MTE1, MTE2, and MTE3) at 55 °C for 6, 12, 18 or 24 h in 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. The MTE1 contained xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, mannanase, protease, and amylase; MTE2 contained xylanase, α-galactosidase, and cellulase; and MTE3 contained xylanase, cellulase, β-glucanase, and mannanase. The 52 subsamples were subjected to porcine in vitro digestion. The IVDDM of untreated WS was 73.3%. The IVDDM increased (P&lt; 0.05) with an increase in the predigestion period. However, a rise in the predigestion period from 0 to 12 h resulted in greater (P&lt; 0.05) response in mean IVDDM than an increment in the predigestion period from 12 to 24 h (11 vs. 0.83 percentage points). Predigestion period and multi-enzyme type interacted on IVDDM such that the improvement in IVDDM between 0 and 12 hours of predigestion differed (P&lt; 0.05) among the 3 multi-enzyme types (13.3, 11.1, and 8.5 percentage points for MTE3, MTE2, and MTE1, respectively). The LS means by multi-enzyme treatment were modeled and resulted in unparallel curves (P&lt; 0.05). The estimated maximum response of IVDDM for MTE1, MTE2 and MTE 3 were 82.4%, 84.7% and 87.1% at 15.8, 13 and 13.1 hours, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal time of predigestion of WS with multi-enzymes (with regard to improvement in its IVDDM) was approximately 14 h.

scholarly journals 49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Noheli Gutierrez ◽  
Jamie A Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P &lt; 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

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