Comparing Brassica oilseed crop productivity under contrasting N fertility regimes in the semiarid northern Great Plains

We compared the growth and yield of five Brassica spp. genotypes [two B.juncea (L.) Coss., two B. napus L. and one B. rapa L.] in 11 environments spanning two degrees of latitude and longitude in southern Saskatchewan in 1996–1998. All entries were managed with three levels of N fertility at each site. Plant height for the canola-quality B. juncea breeding line J904316 was 21% greater than the mean of the other genotypes, but shoot biomass did not differ for the same comparison. Cutlass Oriental mustard consistently yielded greatest across all environments while the yield of J904316 was highly variable among environments. The mean seed yield of Cutlass was 12% greater than the highest-yielding B. napus cultivar and 32% greater than the B. rapa cultivar, and had a greater harvest index. Earlier genotypes yielded greater than late-flowering and maturing genotypes within B. juncea and B. napus, but the earliest genotype, Maverick (B. rapa), yielded lower than all other genotypes. All Brassica spp. genotypes were responsive to N fertilization, and high total available N (average = 109, range = 91 to 131 kg N ha-1) was generally required to maximize seed yield, but not shoot biomass, under the conditions of this study. Pod density was the primary yield component influenced by N level. This study illustrates the potential adaptive advantage of B. juncea on the semiarid northern Great Plains. Key words: Brassica, canola, genotype, mustard, N fertility, semiarid, northern Great Plains

Download Full-text

Agronomic Response of Camelina to Nitrogen and Seeding Rate on the Northern Great Plains

10.5772/intechopen.95794 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thandiwe Nleya ◽

Dwarika Bhattarai ◽

Phillip Alberti

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Oilseed Crop ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Oil Concentration ◽

Camelina Seed ◽

Brassicaceae Family

Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz,) a new oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae family has favorable agronomic traits and multiple food and industrial uses. Appropriate production practices for optimal camelina yield in temperate climates of North America are lacking. This study investigated the response of camelina seed yield and quality, and agronomic traits to applied N (5 levels, 0, 28, 56, 84, 140 kg ha−1) and four seeding rates (4.5, 9, 13, 17.5 kg ha−1). Separate experiments were conducted at four environments (site-years) for N and three environments for seeding rate in South Dakota. In three of the four environments, the highest N rate increased seed yield by 30 to 60% compared to the control. The increase in seed yield with increasing N rate was linear in a high yielding environment and quadratic in a low yielding environment. Increasing seeding rate increased plant stands but had inconsistent impacts on seed yield depending on location and year. Seed oil concentration ranged from 149 to 350 g kg−1, was inversely related to N rate but was not influenced by seeding rate.

Download Full-text

Effect of seeding date, environment and cultivar on soybean seed yield, yield components, and seed quality in the Northern Great Plains

Agronomy Journal ◽

10.1002/agj2.20185 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 112 (3) ◽

pp. 1666-1678 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kristen P. MacMillan ◽

Robert H. Gulden

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Yield Components ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Seeding Date

Download Full-text

Agro-morphology and forage nutritive value of white prairie clover [Dalea candida(Michx.) Willd.] populations native to the Canadian prairies

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2017-0255 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 98 (6) ◽

pp. 1234-1244

Author(s):

Nityananda Khanal ◽

Michael P. Schellenberg ◽

Bill Biligetu

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Block Design ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Canadian Prairies ◽

Forage Crop ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Provincial Park

White prairie clover [Dalea candida (Michx.) Willd.] is native to the dry prairies and hillsides of the Northern Great Plains. A study was initiated in 2012 with six white prairie clover populations collected from the Canadian Prairies. Plant growth characteristics, forage biomass, seed yield, and forage nutritive values were evaluated using a randomized complete block design in a field near Swift Current, SK. Three populations from Argyle, Carlowrie, and Big Grass Marsh (NCP588) in Manitoba displayed erect-type growth while those from Douglas Provincial Park and Stewart Valley in Saskatchewan and Writing on Stone Provincial Park in Alberta exhibited prostrate growth. The populations did not differ for mean biomass yield (79–104 g plant−1, p = 0.54) and mean seed yield (6.6–9.1 g plant−1, p = 0.69); however, they differed for bloom stage nutritional parameters such as acid detergent fibre (25%–30%, p = 0.04), neutral detergent fibre (34%–41%, p < 0.01), crude proteins (15%–18%, p < 0.01), phosphorus (0.24%–0.29%, p = 0.02), and iron content (144–360 ppm, p = 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first report of comparative phenotypic, nutritional, and propagation study of native white prairie clover populations of Canada. The constraints and opportunities for successful domestication of white prairie clover as a forage crop are discussed.

Download Full-text

Impact of tillage on field pea following spring wheat

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps08086 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 281-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

P. M. Carr ◽

G. B. Martin ◽

R. D. Horsley

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Cropping System ◽

Field Pea ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

N Fixation ◽

The Us ◽

The Impact

Tillage is being reduced in semiarid regions. The impact of changing tillage practices on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) performance has not been considered in a major pea-producing area within the US northern Great Plains. A study was conducted from 2000 through 2005 to determine how field pea performance compared following spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in clean-till (CT), reduced-till (RT), and no-till (NT) systems arranged in a randomized complete block at Dickinson in southwestern North Dakota. Seed yield increased over 1600 kg ha-1 in 2000 and almost 400 kg ha-1 in 2003 under NT compared with CT, and by 960 kg ha-1 in 2000 under NT compared with RT (P < 0.05). Differences in seed yield were not detected between tillage systems in other years. Plant establishment was improved as tillage was reduced, averaging 66 plants m-2 under NT and RT compared with 60 plants m-2 under CT management. The soil water conservation that can occur after adopting NT may explain the increased seed yields that occurred in some years. These results suggest that field pea seed yield can be increased by eliminating tillage in semiarid areas of the US northern Great Plains, particularly when dry conditions develop and persist. Key words: Zero tillage, field pea, cropping system, N-fixation, legume

Download Full-text

Effect of green manure crops, termination method, stubble crops, and fallow on soil water, available N, and exchangeable P

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2015-0336 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (5) ◽

pp. 867-886 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S.P. Mooleki ◽

Y. Gan ◽

R.L. Lemke ◽

R.P. Zentner ◽

C. Hamel

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Green Manure ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Available N ◽

Sustainable Agricultural Systems ◽

Lathyrus Sativus L ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽

Green Manure Crops ◽

Exchangeable P

Green manure crops may have a role to play in the development of sustainable agricultural systems in the semiarid northern Great Plains of North America. This study determined the benefits of different green manure crops, seeding dates, and termination methods on soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and moisture, as well as the performance of durum wheat following green manures the following year. Field experiments were conducted at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, from 2006 to 2009. Three green manure crops [forage pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.), and black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)] were seeded in May, June, and July, and terminated at full bloom using glyphosate, rototilling or by frost. Other treatments included summerfallow and stubble of selected crops harvested for grain or silage. Different green manure crops, seeding dates or termination methods had similar effects on soil moisture, available N, and exchangeable P at termination or the following spring. These effects of green manure management on soil residual characteristics were comparable to those observed under summerfallow, but higher than those on grain or silage stubble. Therefore, green manure is a viable alternative to summerfallowing and could be seeded any time during the growing season. If seeded late, green manure could be terminated by frost, thus saving on costs.

Download Full-text

Aggressiveness of Stagonospora nodorum Isolates Obtained from Wheat in the Northern Great Plains

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.9.1027 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (9) ◽

pp. 1027-1031 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. M. Krupinsky

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Symptom Severity ◽

Lesion Size ◽

Stagonospora Nodorum ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Mild Symptom ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

The Mean ◽

Wheat Leaves ◽

Main Effects

Isolates of Stagonospora nodorum, obtained from diseased wheat leaves collected in fields in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, were tested on detached seedling leaves of wheat and found to be pathogenic. Differences among isolates chosen at random were detected in the first phase of the inoculations. Isolates associated with severe and mild symptom severity, as measured by lesion size, were selected in phase two. Isolates associated with severe and mild symptom severity were statistically differentiated in phase three. The ability of isolates to cause significant differences in symptom severity was interpreted as differences in aggressiveness. The differences among isolates detected with detached leaf experiments was confirmed with glasshouse inoculations of seedling wheat plants. The high aggressive isolates consistently produced higher symptom severity on wheat seedlings, as measured by percentage necrosis, than low aggressive isolates. Cultivars were consistently differentiated with isolates associated with different levels of aggressiveness. With unselected isolates, the cultivar × isolate interaction was nonsignificant, indicating a lack of specificity. With high and low aggressive isolates, the cultivar × isolate interaction was significant. Considering that the magnitude of the mean squares for interactions were rather low compared to the main effects, it is speculated either that specificity is detected with the present isolates but only at a low level, or that specificity is apparent only when isolate extremes are tested. With studying isolates in phases rather than random comparisons, fungal isolates associated the high and low aggressiveness can be identified and, once identified, isolates from different hosts or geographical areas can be compared in an efficient and meaningful manner.

Download Full-text

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE FLOWER THRIPS (FRANKLINIELLA TRITICI (FITCH)) AND ONION THRIPS (THRIPS TABACI LINDEMAN) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) ON SAFFLOWER IN EASTERN MONTANA

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent119399-4 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 119 (4) ◽

pp. 399-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michael John Weiss ◽

Ramona J. Beshear

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Green Peach Aphid ◽

Carthamus Tinctorius ◽

Thrips Tabaci ◽

Aphis Fabae ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Oilseed Crop ◽

Pest Species ◽

Flower Thrips

Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., is an important drought-tolerant oilseed crop, used for the production of vegetable oil and protein meal. It is one of the few broadleaf crops that can be used for crop rotation in the small grains agroecosystem of the Northern Great Plains. Safflower is currently produced on about 60 000 ha in eastern Montana and northwestern North Dakota and about 10 000 ha in Alberta and Saskatchewan. There is little information available on the pest insect species on safflower in the Northern Great Plains; however, four pest species have been reported from California, including the westem flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)), lygus bug (Lygus hesperus Knight), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)), and the bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scopoli) (Carlson 1966, 1972).

Download Full-text

Chickpea, lentil and pea response to delayed spring seeding on the Northern Great Plains

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p05-243 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 1059-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P. R. Miller ◽

S. A. Brandt ◽

C. L. McDonald ◽

J. Waddington

Keyword(s):

Seed Size ◽

Great Plains ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Plant Density ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Summer Drought ◽

Seeding Date

We compared the effects of spring seeding date on stand density, crop growth, seed yield, water-use-efficiency, and grain quality of three pulse crops [chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.)] grown at Scott and Swift Current, SK, during 1993 to 1997. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) was used as a reference crop. Seeding date did not meaningfully affect plant density for chickpea, lentil or pea. Crop growth stage related to thermal time resulted in robust prediction equations for chickpea, lentil and pea (R2 = 0.87 to 0.98). When seeding was delayed 2 wk, the crop response was inconsistent. When seeding was delayed by 4 wk, consistent, mainly negative, effects on crop parameters occurred due to the exacerbation of summer drought stress. Pulse crop yields were more negatively affected by delayed seeding than were wheat yields. When seeding of chickpea, lentil, and pea was delayed 4 wk, seed yield decreased at the majority of site-years. When yield reductions occurred, the average reductions were 44, 38, and 31%, for the respective species. For chickpea and lentil, seeding delays of 2 and 4 wk decreased seed size at the majority of site-years with seed size reductions averaging 10% when they occurred. In the semiarid Northern Great Plains (NGP), chickpea, lentil, and pea should be seeded before spring wheat due to a greater risk of loss of yield and quality. Key words: Chickpea, growth stage, lentil, northern great plains, pea, seeding date

Download Full-text

Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, Parasitism and Abundance in the Northern Great Plains

The Canadian Field-Naturalist ◽

10.22621/cfn.v121i3.471 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 121 (3) ◽

pp. 239 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Lawrence D. Igl ◽

Douglas H. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Molothrus Ater ◽

Bird Community ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Breeding Bird ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Parasitism Rates ◽

Cowbird Parasitism ◽

The Mean ◽

Host Parasite

The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) reaches its highest abundance in the northern Great Plains, but much of our understanding of cowbird ecology and host-parasite interactions comes from areas outside of this region. We examine cowbird brood parasitism and densities during two studies of breeding birds in the northern Great Plains during 1990–2006. We found 2649 active nests of 75 species, including 746 nonpasserine nests and 1902 passerine nests. Overall, <1% of nonpasserine nests and 25% of passerine nests were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Although the overall frequency of cowbird parasitism in passerine nests in these two studies is considered moderate, the frequency of multiple parasitism among parasitized nests was heavy (nearly 50%). The mean number of cowbird eggs per parasitized passerine nest was 1.9 ± 1.2 (SD; range = 1–8 cowbird eggs). The parasitism rates were 9.5% for passerines that typically nest in habitats characterized by woody vegetation, 16.4% for grassland-nesting passerines, 4.7% for passerines known to consistently eject cowbird eggs, and 28.2% for passerines that usually accept cowbird eggs. The Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) was the most commonly parasitized species (43.1% parasitism, 49.6% multiple parasitism, 71.2% of all cases of parasitism). Passerine nests found within areas of higher female cowbird abundance experienced higher frequencies of cowbird parasitism than those found in areas of lower female cowbird abundance. Densities of female cowbirds were positively related to densities and richness of other birds in the breeding bird community.

Download Full-text