The biology of Canadian weeds. 106. Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenija Vujnovic ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Linaria Dalmatica ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
The 1960S

Dalmatian Toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), is an important weed of rangelands, agricultural crops and waste areas in North America. The literature is less extensive than for the closely related yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.). Introduced from Eurasia as an ornamental plant into North America by 1894, it became naturalized in seven Canadian provinces and all of the United States of America west of the 100th meridian except for New Mexico. In North America it ranges from ca. 35° to 56°N latitude and it grows from near sea level to altitudes up to ca. 2800 m. Production of up to one-half million seeds per plant and its long-lived perennial nature make the species highly competitive and able to invade cropland and even stands of native ungrazed vegetation. Linaria dalmatica is a hemicryptophyte with strong vegetative reproduction and dormant seeds. Growth of creeping roots after removal of aboveground plant parts limits the effectiveness of control treatments such as grazing, clipping, mowing or burning. Several herbicides control the species for the short term; the smooth and waxy leaf surfaces may hinder herbicide uptake. Experimental biological control with insects since the 1960s shows promise. Key words: Linaria dalmatica, Dalmatian toadflax, Scrophulariaceae, weed biology, control, review

FIRST REPORT OF ESTABLISHMENT OF CALOPHASIA LUNULA HUFN. (LEPEDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON DALMATIAN TOADFLAX, LINARIA GENISTIFOLIA SSP. DALMATICA (L.) MAIRE AND PETITMENGIN, IN NORTH AMERICA

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-768
Author(s):  
G.J. McDermott ◽  
R.M. Nowierski ◽  
J.M. Story
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yellow Toadflax ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Calophasia Lunula ◽  
Multiple Releases ◽  
Made In

The Eurasian noctuid, Calophasia lunula Hufn., was introduced into North America to control yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill., and Dalmatian toadflax, L. genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengin. Larvae feed on the foliage of both toadflax species, but different strains of the moth appear to prefer either yellow or Dalmatian toadflax (Nowierski 1990). Calophasia lunula was first released against yellow toadflax in five Canadian provinces from 1962 to 1968 (Harris and Carder 1971). The moth has been established on yellow toadflax in Ontario since 1965, where it has defoliated up to 20% of the stems (Harris 1988). However, attempts to establish C. lunula on Dalmatian toadflax in Canada have been unsuccessful (Nowierski 1990). Initial releases of the moth in the United States were made in 1968 against both toadflax species with Ontario stock from yellow toadflax (Nowierski 1990). Since then, multiple releases of C. lunula have been made in six western states, including Montana (Story 1985), but until 1989 no establishment had been recorded on either toadflax species.

THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 75. Bromus tectorum L.

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAHESH K. UPADHYAYA ◽  
DOUGLAS McILVRIDE ◽  
ROY TURKINGTON
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
Extensive Documentation ◽  
Competitive Success ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
And Control

Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome), introduced to North America from Europe before 1861, has spread throughout most of the continent. It is present in all Canadian provinces except Newfoundland and is particularly abundant in southwestern Alberta and southern British Columbia. The ubiquitous nature of B. tectorum and its dual role as a serious weed and an important forage have resulted in extensive documentation on various aspects of its biology. Intensive research efforts have been expended in understanding its competitive success, and in implementing management and control practices. This paper reviews and summarizes literature on the biology of B. tectorum.Key words: Bromus tectorum, downy brome, cheatgrass, weed biology

scholarly journals Widespread Occurrence of Common Rust, Caused by Puccinia sorghi, on Rp-Resistant Sweet Corn in the Midwestern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 1177-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Pataky ◽  
W. F. Tracy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Puccinia Sorghi ◽  
No Formation ◽  
Leaf Surfaces

Single, dominant resistance genes have been used successfully for the past 15 years to control common rust, caused by Puccinia sorghi, on sweet corn in the United States. Most sweet corn hybrids grown in the Midwest for mid- to late-season processing have Rp resistance, which is expressed as hypersensitive reactions resulting in chlorotic or necrotic flecks with little or no formation of urediniospores. Many, but not all, Rp-resistant sweet corn hybrids carry the gene Rp1D. Biotypes of P. sorghi in North America have been avirulent on plants with the Rp1D gene, except for an isolate collected in Kansas in 1990 (1). In a sweet corn nursery in Urbana, IL, in 1997, small uredinia of P. sorghi occurred on 27 of 79 Rp-resistant sweet corn hybrids that also were infected severely with southern rust caused by P. polysora (2). During August and September 1999, small uredinia or fully susceptible reactions to common rust were observed on several Rp-resistant sweet corn hybrids grown in an area bounded by Mendota, IL, Ripon, WI, and Le Sueur, MN. Southern rust also was prevalent and frequently severe in the area. Isolates of P. sorghi from Rp-resistant corn were collected during September 1999 from Mendota, Rock Falls, and Dekalb, IL; Sun Prairie, Madison, and Ripon, WI; and Rochester, Stanton, and Le Sueur, MN. Ten two-leaved seedlings of one susceptible sweet corn hybrid and five Rp-resistant hybrids, including hybrids known to carry the gene Rp1D, were inoculated in greenhouse trials. Each location (collection) was a separate trial. Inocula were prepared from several uredinia of P. sorghi per location. One set of seedlings also was inoculated with P. polysora. Susceptible reactions (uredinia with urediniospores) were observed on all inoculated seedlings. Uredinia and urediniospores of P. sorghi and P. polysora from seedlings inoculated in the greenhouse were compared directly. All isolates of P. sorghi were confirmed based on 6- to 7-day latent periods, formation of uredinia on both leaf surfaces, and urediniospores that were mostly spherical, cinnamon colored, and moderately echinulate. This is the first widespread occurrence in North America of a biotype of P. sorghi that is virulent on Rp-resistant sweet corn. References: (1) S. H. Hulbert et al. Plant Dis. 75:1130, 1991. (2) J. K. Pataky et al. Purdue Univ. AES Bull. No. 758:99, 1997.

scholarly journals THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 78. Galeopsis tetrahit L.

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. O’DONOVAN ◽  
M. P. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
North America ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Weed Ecology ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
Crop Seed

Galeopsis tetrahit is an annual weed which was introduced to North America from Eurasia. It is present in all Canadian provinces and occupies a wide range of habitats including cultivated fields. It favors well-watered nutrient-rich soils and occurs infrequently in the drier brown soil zones of the southern Canadian prairies. Low soil moisture may be a major factor limiting its distribution and spread. It can reduce crop yields, contaminate crop seed and act as a reservoir for disease-causing organisms. A number of herbicides are available for its control.Key words: Hemp-nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit L., weed ecology, weed biology

THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 94. Sonchus arvensis L.

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
WANDA K. LEMNA ◽  
CALVIN G. MESSERSMITH
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Glandular Hairs ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
And Control

Perennial sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) was introduced into North America from Europe and Asia and is distributed widely throughout the Canadian provinces. Two varieties are common; var. arvensis and var. glabrescens differ morphologically in the presence or absence of glandular hairs on peduncles and involucral bracts, respectively. Both varieties are common along roadsides and river and lake shores and in waste areas and cultivated fields throughout their introduced and native ranges. The perennial nature and ability to spread both by spreading roots and by seed make these weeds difficult to control. Details on the morphology, cytology, distribution, reproductive and population biology, and control methods are reviewed.Key words: Distribution, perennial sow-thistle, smooth perennial sow-thistle, weed biology

The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 6. Berteroa incana (L.) DC

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1297-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
A. Francis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Sandy Gravel ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Harmful Effects

The cruciferous weed Berteroa incana, hoary alyssum, has been known in temperate North America since the late 19th century, but has recently begun to spread aggressively in upland and dry areas in the Great Lakes and western foothills regions of both Canada and the United States. It is an annual, winter annual to short-lived perennial and is considered an invasive weed in turf, rangelands, pastures and forage crops, with harmful effects on horses an added concern. The species is most common on sandy gravel and poorer soils. It has recently i nvaded Christmas tree plantations in Michigan. Its prolific seed production, woody stems and deep taproot enable it to persist under dry conditions and to resist mechanical control; and it has virtually no natural enemies in North America. It can be partially controlled by herbicides in crops it has invaded, but herbicides are not generally used on rangelands, pastures, turf and natural and semi-natural areas, where it is now prevalent. Key words: Berteroa incana, hoary alyssum, bertéroa blanc, BEFIN, weed biology, invasive alien

Presbyterians and the Global Charismatic Movements

2019 ◽  
pp. 423-437
Author(s):  
Michael McClymond
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
South Korea ◽  
North American ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Position ◽  
The 1960S

Presbyterianism is often understood as a doctrinal or Word-based tradition. This chapter argues on historical and theological grounds that it is an experiential or Spirit-based tradition too. Presbyterians played a decisive role in the initiation and development of North American revivalism from the 1720s onward. When charismatic phenomena appeared among Presbyterians—first in the 1830s in Scotland and London, and then globally from the 1960s onward—they could be seen as the fulfillment of certain elements in Calvinist theology and spirituality. Confessional Presbyterians in Britain and in North America have frequently held to cessationism (the claim that miracles ceased soon after the apostles). Yet “Pentecostalized” Presbyterians in South Korea, Cameroon, and Brazil are noncessationist, and mainline Presbyterians in the United States in 1970 gave guarded endorsement to contemporary expressions of charismatic gifts. This open-but-cautious stance seems to be the most common position today among Presbyterians both in North America and globally.

A West African Sufi Master on the Global Stage: Cheikh Abdoulaye Dièye and the Khidmatul Khadim International Sufi School in France and the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Cheikh A. Babou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
West African ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Dynamic Leadership ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Internal Sources ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Great War

Abstract The recent wave of West African Muslim migration to the West started after the Great War and gained momentum in the 1960s. Sub-Saharan Africans have been particularly successful in finding a niche in Europe and North America partly because of the connection between immigrants and centers of Islamic spirituality and knowledge in Africa provided by a dynamic leadership that straddles the three continents. Based on extensive interviews in the United States and in France and on the examination of Murid internal sources and scholarly secondary literature, this article investigates the efforts of the late Sufi sheikh, Abdoulaye Dièye, to expand the Muridiyya Muslim tariqa in France and North America. I am particularly interested in examining the foundations of Dièye’s appeal, his struggle to earn legitimacy and relevance on the global stage, and the response of diverse constituencies to his calling. I contend that the attraction of Dièye’s teachings to Europeans, Americans, and Africans in the diaspora, is rooted in his dual cultural outlook as a Western educated and traditionally trained Murid.

scholarly journals Hophornbeam copperleaf (Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-307
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Sosnoskie ◽  
Robert M. Hayes ◽  
Lawrence E. Steckel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Cosmopolitan Distribution ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Vegetative Plant ◽  
Dicot Species

Hophornbeam copperleaf (Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell) is an erect, herbaceous, dicot species in the Euphorbiaceae, or spurge, family that constitutes more than 200 genera and some 6,000 species (Mayfield and Webster 2013). Although the euphorbs have a cosmopolitan distribution, none are found in the Arctic (Mabberley 1997). Members of the Euphorbiaceae may be trees, shrubs, herbs (occasionally aquatic), or vines; sometimes succulent and cactus-like; and often have glands on vegetative plant parts (Mabberley 1997; Zomlefer 1994). Genera in the spurge family include Croton, Euphorbia, Ricinus, and Acalypha. Acalypha consists of 450 species that are native to both the Eastern and Western hemispheres (Zomlefer 1994). Acalypha was the name used by Hippocrates because the leaves resemble those of nettles, whereas ostryifolia alludes to the resemblance of leaves to plants in the genus Ostrya (hophornbeam trees; Burrows and Tyrl 2013; Haddock 2014; Hilty 2018). As plants mature in the fall, the leaves can turn reddish-brown, which may indicate why “copperleaf” is included in the species’ common name (Hilty 2018). Hophornbeam copperleaf is native to North America; it occurs in the United States ranging from Arizona east to Florida, north to Pennsylvania, and west to Nebraska (Anonymous 2019). It occurs in a variety of habitats including agronomic fields, cultivated areas, landscapes, roadsides, river and stream banks, thickets, pastures, and waste sites (Bryson and DeFelice 2010; Haddock 2014; Hilty 2018). This plant’s other common names include copperleaf, pineland three-seed mercury, Virginia copperleaf, hornbeam mercury, hornbeam three-seed mercury, mercury, and rough-pod copperleaf (Bryson and DeFelice 2010; Haddock 2014; Hilty 2018; Steckel 2006).

Studying Religions with the Iron Curtain Closed and Open

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory D. Alles
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
Political Role ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Scientific Atheism

Abstract This essay reflects especially on the insights that the volume under discussion offers to someone who grew up in the United States during the 1960s and for whom the region behind the Iron Curtain was largely unfamiliar territory. It notes the overarching political frame of the volume, both geographically—the study of religions in various nations—and chronologically—the study of religions in the pre-Communist, Communist, and post-Communist periods. It comments on the different political role that the study of religions played in Eastern Europe, where it contributed to movements of liberation, as distinct from the role it played in Western Europe and North America, where it was often the servant of colonialism. It also suggests that the volume leaves open for future research various questions about the enterprise of scientific atheism during the Communist period and its relation to the study of religions on both sides of the former Iron Curtain today.

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