Effect of crop management on C and N in long-term crop rotations after adopting no-tillage management: Comparison of soil sampling strategies

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
B. G. McConkey ◽  
D. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Over Time

Society is interested in increasing C storage in soil to reduce CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, because the latter may contribute to global warming. Further, there is considerable interest in the use of straw for industrial purposes. Using soil samples taken from the 0- to 7.5-cm and 7.5- to 15-cm depths in May 1987 and September 1996, we determined organic C and total N in five crop rotations (nine treatments) using automated Carlo Erba combustion analyzer. The experiment was managed using conventional mechanical tillage from 1957 to 1989; it was changed to no-tillage management in 1990. Our objective was to determine: (a) if change to no-tillage management had changed soil C and N storage, and (b) if method of calculating organic C and N change would influence interpretation of the results. All three methods of calculation confirmed the efficacy of employing best management practices (e.g., fertilization based on soil tests, reducing summerfallow, including legumes in rotations) for increasing or maintaining soil organic matter, and showed that the latter was directly associated with the amount of crop residues returned to the soil. Where bulk density was significantly different between sampling times, the often used mass per fixed depth (MFD) (i.e., volume basis) calculation can lead to erroneous conclusions. When the recently recommended mass per equal depth (MED) method of calculation was used, it showed that 6 yr of no-tillage did not increase soil organic C or total N. However, in unfertilized systems, where crop yields are gradually decreasing since the change, there is an accompanying decrease in organic matter, while fertilized, or high-fertility systems that include legume hay crops, in which wheat yields have been maintained have tended to maintain the organic matter level over time. When the MFD calculation was used, there was no change in C over time when straw was harvested in the F–W–W system; however, the MED calculation and concentrations tend to show a decrease in soil C and N. This suggests that in time, industrial use of straw may have negative consequences for soil conservation. We concluded that concentrations may be as effective as MED for assessing changes in organic matter, provided "amounts" are not required. Key words: Straw removal, fertilizers, legumes, cropping frequency, C mass calculation

Autumn and spring applications of ammonium nitrate and urea to bromegrass influence total and light fraction organic C and N in a thin Black Chernozem

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S S Malhi ◽  
J T Harapiak ◽  
M. Nyborg ◽  
K S Gill ◽  
N A Flore
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Light Fraction ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Light Fraction Organic C ◽  
Total Organic C

An adequate level of organic matter is needed to sustain the productivity, improve the quality of soils and increase soil C. Grassland improvement is considered to be one of the best ways to achieve these goals. A field experiment, in which bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) was grown for hay, was conducted from 1974 to 1996 on a thin Black Chernozemic soil near Crossfield, Alberta. Total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN), and light fraction organic C (LFOC) and light fraction N (LFN) of soil for the treatments receiving 23 annual applications of 112 kg N ha-1 as ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea in early autumn, late autumn, early spring or late spring were compared to zero-N check. Soil samples from 0- to 5- cm (layer 1), 5- to 10- cm (layer 2), 10- to 15- cm (layer 3) and 15- to 30-cm depths were taken in October 1996. Mass of TOC, TN, LFOC and LFN was calculated using equivalent mass technique. The concentration and mass of TOC and LFOC, TN and LFN in the soil were increased by N fertilization compared to the zero-N check. The majority of this increase in C and N occurred in the surface 5-cm depth and predominantly occurred in the light fraction material. In layer 1, the average increase from N fertilization was 3.1 Mg C ha-1 for TOC, 1.82 Mg C ha-1 for LFOC, 0.20 Mg N ha-1 for TN and 0.12 Mg N ha-1 for LFN. The LFOC and LFN were more responsive to N fertilization compared to the TOC and TN. Averaged across application times, more TOC, LFOC, TN and LFN were stored under AN than under urea in layer 1, by 1.50, 1.21, 0.06 and 0.08 Mg ha-1, respectively. Lower volatilization loss and higher plant uptake of surfaced-broadcast N were probable reasons from more soil C and N storage under AN source. Time of N application had no effect on the soil characteristics studied. In conclusion, most of the N-induced increase in soil C and N occurred in the 0- to 5-cm depth (layer 1) and in the light fraction material, with the increases being greater under AN than urea. Key words: Bromegrass, light fraction C and N, N source, soil, total organic C and N

scholarly journals Groundcover Management and Nutrient Source Effects on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestration in an Organically Managed Apple Orchard in the Ozark Highlands

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Mays ◽  
K.R. Brye ◽  
Curt R. Rom ◽  
M. Savin ◽  
M.E. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Ozark Highlands ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Organically Managed ◽  
Over Time

Orchards established on weathered, acidic mineral soils in the Ozark Highlands must be managed to meet tree nutritional requirements. However, a common characteristic of Ozark Highland soils is a relatively low soil organic matter (SOM) concentration, a condition that can have detrimental effects on orchard productivity. Organic orchard management poses specific challenges to managing competitive under-tree vegetation and supplying appropriate supplemental nutrition to maintain tree growth and cropping. In Mar. 2006, an experimental apple orchard was established to evaluate the effects of under tree, in-row groundcover management system (i.e., shredded paper, wood chips, municipal green compost, and mow-blow), and nutrient source (i.e., non-fertilized control, composted poultry litter, and pelletized organic commercial fertilizer) on SOM, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) concentration, and soil C and N sequestration over time in an organically managed orchard in the Ozark Highlands region of northwest Arkansas. Soil organic matter, total C, and total N concentrations (soil weight basis) and contents (area basis) in the top 7.5 cm increased in all groundcover management systems from 2006 to 2011. The greatest differences were observed with municipal green compost treatments. Significant interactions between groundcover management treatment and nutrient source were only observed for SOM concentration, whereas nutrient source did not affect total C and total N concentrations or contents. Soil C sequestration rates were 0.9, 1.0, and 2.8 Mg·ha−1 per year under the shredded paper, wood chip, and green compost treatments, respectively, whereas total C content did not change over time under the mow-blow treatment. The green compost treatment was the only treatment that had significant total N sequestration occur (0.25 Mg nitrogen/ha/year). Results of this study indicate that organic cultural methods can significantly augment near-surface soil C and N contents, which will likely increase productivity, of apple orchards in the Ozark Highlands over a relatively short period time after establishment. This study has implications for orchards in similar soils or environmental circumstance and for both organic and conventional management systems.

scholarly journals Film mulching combined with cow manure increases soil C and N

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. e1102
Author(s):  
Lixia Zhu ◽  
Jutian Chen ◽  
Yufang Shen ◽  
Shiqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Spring Maize ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Film Mulching ◽  
Npk Fertilization

Aim of study: A field study was conducted to assess responses of soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN) to film mulching and manure, which were important in identifying the changes of SOC and TN.Area of study: A semiarid area in northwestern China.Material and methods: The field (soil classified as CumuliUstic Isohumosol) has been planted with spring maize (Zea mays L.) for years. Three treatments were: 1) NPK fertilization and no film mulching (CK), 2) NPK fertilization and film mulching (PF) and 3) film mulching and NPK fertilization combined with cow manure (OMF).Main results: Compared with CK, OMF significantly increased SOC and TN, while no significant effect was observed under PF. The average increases of SOC storage in OMF were 39.2% in 0-10 cm layer and 34.3% in 10-20 cm layer. The average increases of TN storage were 37.6% in 0-10 cm layer and 31.3% in 10-20 cm layer, relative to CK. Compared with the initial SOC (8.86 g/kg) and TN (0.99 g/kg), CK and PF decreased 1.4% and 6.9% of SOC, and 9.1% and 17.2% of TN, whereas OMF increased SOC and TN. The SOC/TN was not affected by treatments but slight increase was observed since the beginning of experiment. Both PF and OMF significantly increased maize grain yields (on average 45.8% and 75.7%, respectively) compared with CK.Research highlights: Manure combined with film mulching significantly increased soil C and N, ameliorating harmful effects of plastic film mulching, improving soil fertility in the long term and increasing crop yields.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERUBAHAN CADANGAN HARA PADA BERBAGAI PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DAN KELERENGAN DI DAS MIKRO KALI KUNGKUK, KOTA BATU

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Refki Aulia Wiwaha ◽  
Syahrul Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N

The Kali Kungkuk micro watershed which is located in the upper area of Brantas watershed, had experienced forest conversion to horticulture during the last fourth decades. Since the physiographic of Kali Kungkuk micro watershed is hilly, forest conversion to horticulture may result in soil nutrient stock changes. The research aimed to analyze soil nutrient stock from forest to horticulture land uses (i.e. apple orchard and vegetables) in the Kali Kungkuk micro watershed. The field research was conducted on three different land uses (i.e. vegetable land (PK), apple orchard (PA), and forest (PH)) and four land slope classes (i.e. slope 0-8% (K1), 8-15% (K2), 15-25% (K3), and > 25% (K4)), with three, replicates plots of each. Soil samples were collected at three different depths (0-10, 10-30, and 30- 50 cm) from each plot. The parameters measured included soil texture, bulk density, standing litter mass, canopy cover, basal area, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. Data analysis was conducted with Linear Mixed Effect Models with a level of 5% and a further analysis of LSD test level of 5% as well as a correlation test between observational parameters. The results showed that differences in land use and slope affected to significant differences in the content of soil organic C and total N. In general, forests had higher soil C and N stocks as compared to other land uses (i.e. apple orchard and vegetables). Furthermore, soil organic C and total N was higher in the low slopes (i.e. 0-8%) and (8-15%) as compared to the high slopes (i.e. 15-25%) and (> 25%). The study found a positive correlation between soil nutrient stocks (i.e. C and N) and clay content. In contrast, soil C and N stock was negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Soil fertility degradation that occurs in the Kali Kungkuk micro watershed (i.e. apple orchard and vegetables) requires serious attention in soil management in order to ensure the sustainability of apple and vegetable production.

scholarly journals Changes in the stocks of C and N in organic matter fractions in soil cropped with coffee and fertilized with sunn hemp and ammonium sulfate

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 999
Author(s):  
Wander Douglas Pereira ◽  
Fábio Lúcio Martins Neto ◽  
Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos ◽  
Teógenes Senna de Oliveira ◽  
Segundo Sacramento Urquiaga Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Green Manuring ◽  
Time Zero ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
C And N ◽  
Over Time

Despite the potential to provide N to crops, the rapid incorporation of green manure nutrients into stable fractions of organic matter in the soil (SOM) may reduce the efficiency of green manuring. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize the changes of C and N stocks in fractions of SOM cultivated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and fertilized with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and ammonium sulfate. To study the changes in organic C (OC) and total N (TN) in soil and fractions of SOM over time, soil samples were collected in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers, with the initial sampling done prior to the application of sunn hemp residues and ammonium sulfate. Five samples were collected every 2 months after the application of the legume and ammonium sulfate. The soil samples were submitted to densimetric and granulometric fractionation, obtaining the free light organic matter (F-LOM), particulate organic matter (POM), and organic matter associated with minerals (MAM). OC and TN stocks were then determined in soil and the SOM fractions. The changes in the stocks of OC (?StcC) in the soil in relation to time zero were positive in the evaluations carried out in the two layers. The fractions of SOM showed positive ?StcC at almost all of the evaluated times. The N supplied to the soil in the form of mineral and organic fertilizer promoted an increase of 0.24 Mg ha-1 of N in the 0–5 cm layer until after 60 days. Of this total, 0.03 Mg ha-1 was associated with F-LOM, 0.07 Mg ha-1 with POM, and the remainder was associated with MAM. Nearly 60% of the N that was supplied to the soil was drawn to the stable fractions of the SOM, indicating a rapid stabilization of this nutrient in the most recalcitrant organic compartments. Despite that, the variations in N stocks of MAM became smaller over time, and eventually became negative, in relation to time zero. This indicates the mineralization of N of this compartment. In the 5–10 cm layer, no effect of time was observed in the soil TN, N-POM, or N-MAM stocks. Additionally, under the conditions of this experiment, the majority of the N supplied to the soil was rapidly incorporated into the most stable fraction of SOM, and this might can reduced the efficiency of the green manuring.

scholarly journals Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in traditional agricultural and agroforestry systems in the semiarid region of Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 784-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Augusto Amorim Silva do Sacramento ◽  
Ana Caroline de Moraes Araújo ◽  
Maria Eugenia Ortiz Escobar ◽  
Francisco Alisson da Silva Xavier ◽  
Ana Clara Rodrigues Cavalcante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Samples ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Silvopastoral System ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Agrosilvopastoral System ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Semiarid Conditions

In the semiarid region of Brazil, inadequate management of cropping systems and low plant biomass production can contribute to reduce soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks; therefore, management systems that preserve C and N must be adopted. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in soil C and N stocks that were promoted by agroforestry (agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral) and traditional agricultural systems (slash-and-burn clearing and cultivation for two and three years) and to compare these systems with the natural Caatinga vegetation after 13 years of cultivation. The experiment was carried out on a typical Ortic Chromic Luvisol in the municipality of Sobral, Ceará, Brazil. Soil samples were collected (layers 0-6, 6-12, 12-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) with four replications. The plain, convex and concave landforms in each study situation were analyzed, and the total organic C, total N and densities of the soil samples were assessed. The silvopastoral system promoted the greatest long-term reductions in C and N stocks, while the agrosilvopastoral system promoted the smallest losses and therefore represents a sustainable alternative for soil C and N sequestration in these semiarid conditions. The traditional agricultural system produced reductions of 58.87 and 9.57 Mg ha-1 in the organic C and total N stocks, respectively, which suggests that this system is inadequate for these semiarid conditions. The organic C stocks were largest in the concave landform in the agrosilvopastoral system and in the plain landform in the silvopastoral system, while the total N values were highest in the concave landform in the native, agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral systems.

scholarly journals Soil carbon and nitrogen in pasture soil reforested with eucalyptus and guachapele

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 1253-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiano de Carvalho Balieiro ◽  
Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽  
Bruno José Rodrigues Alves ◽  
Alexander Silva de Resende ◽  
Avílio Antonio Franco
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Mixed Plantation ◽  
The Impact

In spite of the normally low content of organic matter found in sandy soils, it is responsible for almost the totality of cation exchange capacity (CEC), water storage and availability of plant nutrients. It is therefore important to evaluate the impact of alternative forest exploitation on the improvement of soil C and N accumulation on these soils. This study compared pure and mixed plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Pseudosamanea guachapele, a N2-fixing leguminous tree, in relation to their effects on soil C and N stocks. The studied Planosol area had formerly been covered by Panicum maximum pasture for at least ten years without any fertilizer addition. To estimate C and N contents, the soil was sampled (at depths of 0-2.5; 2.5-5.0; 5.0-7.5; 7.5-10.0; 10.0-20.0 and 20.0-40.0 cm), in pure and mixed five-year-old tree plantations, as well as on adjacent pasture. The natural abundance 13C technique was used to estimate the contribution of the soil organic C originated from the trees in the 0-10 cm soil layer. Soil C and N stocks under mixed plantation were 23.83 and 1.74 Mg ha-1, respectively. Under guachapele, eucalyptus and pasture areas C stocks were 14.20, 17.19 and 24.24 Mg ha-1, respectively. For these same treatments, total N contents were 0.83; 0.99 and 1.71 Mg ha-1, respectively. Up to 40 % of the soil organic C in the mixed plantation was estimated to be derived from trees, while in pure eucalyptus and guachapele plantations these same estimates were only 19 and 27 %, respectively. Our results revealed the benefits of intercropped leguminous trees in eucalyptus plantations on soil C and N stocks.

scholarly journals Changes in soil organic matter under different land management in misiones province (Argentina)

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Agustín Piccolo ◽  
Adrián Enrique Andriulo ◽  
Bruno Mary
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Yerba Mate ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
13C Abundance

Highly weathered tropical soils rapidly loose soil organic matter (SOM) and may be affected by water erosion and soil compaction after deforestation and intensive cultivation. With the main objective to estimate the SOM balances in a subtropical soil we determined the dynamics of SOM in a degraded yerba mate (Ilex paraguaiensis Saint Hil.) plantation introduced after deforestation and with elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum L.) as a cover crop. The study site was in Misiones, Argentina, and we use the natural 13C abundance methodology and a descriptive model. The study was conducted on three contiguous 50 x 100 m plots of a typic Kandihumult soil with: (i) native forest, (ii) 50 years of continuous yerba mate monoculture with intensive tillage, and (iii) yerba mate associated with elephant grass as a cover crop and no tillage. We determined bulk density, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and 13C content of the soil (0 - 0.05, 0.05 - 0.15 m layers) and the grass biomass. Yerba mate monoculture reduced soil C and N content as well as porosity at 0 - 0.15 m depth by 43 and 23%, respectively, as compared to the native forest. After ten years of yerba mate - elephant grass association soil C and N contents at the same depth increased by 19 and 12%, respectively, compared to the yerba mate monoculture, while soil porosity remained similar. Total C input,13C, and soil organic C were incorporated into a three compartment model to evaluate elephant grass C dynamics. Through the natural 13C abundance methodology we tracked the elephant grass C incorporation and the "old" soil C loss, and determined the model parameters - humification (k1) and mineralization (k) coefficients and stable C (Cs)- unambiguously. The high k1 and k predicted by the model are probably explained by elephant grass root system incorporation under no tillage and humid subtropical climate, respectively. In soil under yerba mate monoculture, Cs was counted as 91% of the total soil organic C.

A PROCEDURE FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SCHNITZER ◽  
L. E. LOWE ◽  
J. F. DORMAAR ◽  
Y. MARTEL
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Extraction Separation ◽  
C And N ◽  
Extractable Soil

In a recent cooperative study, in which four laboratories participated, organic matter in a large number of Canadian soil samples was characterized by relatively simple methods. As result of this work we are proposing a procedure for the extraction, separation and characterization of soil organic matter. The procedure includes determinations of organic C and total N in initial soils, followed by the isolation from the soils of humic and fulvic acids. Total C and N and E4/E6 ratios are then determined in the latter fractions. From these data, proportions of extractable soil-C and soil-N and HA/FA ratios are computed.

Adopting zero tillage management: Impact on soil C and N under long-term crop rotations in a thin Black Chernozem

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Campbell ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
G P Lafond ◽  
R P Zentner
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N

Society’s desire to sequester C in soils, thereby reducing the net loss of CO2 (a greenhouse gas) to the atmosphere, is well known. It is also accepted that the choice of appropriate agricultural management practices adopted by producers will affect this goal. However, quantification of the extent and rate at which it can be achieved is uncertain. A crop rotation experiment that was initiated in 1957 on a thin Black chernozemic clay soil at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, was managed using conventional tillage until changed to zero tillage in 1990. Soil was sampled (0- to 7.5- and 7.5- to 15-cm depths) in May 1987 and 1997 to determine the effects of treatments on soil organic C (SOC) and total N. The rotations were: fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (F-W), F-W-W, continuous wheat (Cont W), legume green manure (GM)-W-W, and F-W-W-hay (legume-grass)-hay-hay (F-W-W-H-H-H). The monoculture cereal rotations were either fertilized with N and P based on soil tests or unfertilized, while the legume systems were both unfertilized. There was also a F-W-W (N+P) treatment in which the straw was baled and removed. When the experiment was changed to zero tillage management in 1990, the fertilizer protocol was changed to satisfy the “moist soil” criteria. Consequently, higher rates of N and P were added thereafter to the fallow crop, resulting in a positive yield response of wheat grown on fallow, where before there was no response to fertilizer. Over the 10-yr period (1987-1997) fertilized soil gained C and N, but unfertilized soil did not. For example fertilized F-W, F-W-W and Cont W gained about 4, 5 and 2 Mg C ha–1 in the 10-yr period. During this period, C emissions from manufacture and transportation of N fertilizer was 0.28, 0.53 and 0.90. Mg ha–1 for these three rotations, respectively. These results suggest that without adequate fertility, conversion to zero tillage may not always result in an increase in soil C or N. By 1997, fertilizer increased soil C and N in F-W-W and Cont W, and soil C and N were greater in F-W-W-H-H-H than in GM-W-W and lowest in F-W-W (all unfertilized). Straw removal had no significant effect on C or N. The analysis showed that C inputs from crop residues was the main factor influencing SOC changes. Key words: C sequestration, crop rotation, fertilizer, grain yields, total N, tillage

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