Comparative investigations of anatomy and physiology in mammalian noses (Homo sapiens--Artiodactyla)

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
S. Grutzenmacher ◽  
D.M. Robinson ◽  
J. Sevecke ◽  
G. Mlynski ◽  
A.G. Beule
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Dead Space ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Functional Area ◽  
External Nose ◽  
Human Nose

Background: Knowledge of airflow in animal noses is sparse. Such knowledge could be important for selection of animal models used in environmental studies. From the phylogenetic and ontogenetic point of view, a comparison between the animal and human nose is interesting. Method: Nose models of 5 even-toed ungulate species (he-goat, sheep, cow, roebuck, wild boar) and two humans (new born infant and adult) were examined. Anatomical and physiological features of the nasal cavities of all species were compared. All models were rinsed with water and the flow was visualized for observation. Geometric and rhinoresistometric measurements were then performed. Results and conclusions: Even-toed ungulates have two turbinates directly in the main part of the nasal airflow (respiratory turbinates) and a different number of turbinates in a so-called dead space of the nasal airflow above the nasopharyngeal duct (ethmoidal turbinates). The latter correspond with the upper and middle turbinate in analogy to the human nose. Respiratory turbinates of even-toed ungulates insert immediately behind the external nasal ostium. Thus, the whole nasal cavity acts as a functional area with the exception of a small area acting as dead space only detectable in ruminants, possibly indicating a small evolutionary progress from suinae to bovidae. The shape of the animal nasal cavity is stretched and flat. The airflow runs nearly completely turbulent through the nose. The nasal cavity in the adult human is relatively short and high. The area between the external nasal ostium and the head of the inferior turbinate is called inflow area. It distributes the airflow over the whole nasal cross section and generates a turbulent flow. So the airflow is prepared to contact the mucosa in the functional area (turbinate area). The morphology of the inflow area is approximately formed by the shape of the external nose. The nasal cavity of a newborn child is also stretched and flat and more similar to the nasal shape of the investigated animals. The inflow area in the newborn nose is not yet developed and corresponds with the growing external newborn nose. One can hypothesize that the inflow area in human noses is a morphological adaptation in the changed length-height-ratio of the nasal cavity.

A Model of Airflow in the Nasal Cavities: Implications for Nasal Air Conditioning and Epistaxis

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Bailie ◽  
Brendan Hanna ◽  
John Watterson ◽  
Geraldine Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Little’S Area

Background A friction force is generated when moving air contacts the nasal walls, referred to as wall shear stress. This interaction facilitates heat and mass transfer between the mucosa and air, i.e., air-conditioning. The objective of this research was to study the distribution of wall shear stress within the nasal cavity to identify areas that contribute significantly to air-conditioning within the nasal cavity. Methods Three-dimensional computational models of the nasal airways of five healthy subjects (three male and two female subjects) were constructed from nasal CT scans. Numerical simulations of nasal airflow were conducted using the commercial computational fluid dynamics code Fluent 6 (Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, PA). Wall shear stress was derived from the numerical simulation. Air-conditioning was simulated to confirm the relationship with wall shear stress. Results Nasal airflow simulations predicted high wall shear stress along the anterior aspect of the inferior turbinate, the anteroinferior aspect of the middle turbinate, and within Little's area. Conclusion The airflow simulations indicate that the inferior and middle turbinates and Little's area on the anterior nasal septum contribute significantly to nasal air-conditioning. The concentration of wall shear stress within Little's area indicates a desiccating and potentially traumatic effect of inhaled air that may explain the predilection for spontaneous epistaxis at this site.

Influence of airflow dynamics on vortices in the human nasal cavity

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 3164-3179
Author(s):  
Punjan Dohare ◽  
Amol P. Bhondekar ◽  
Anupma Sharma ◽  
C. Ghanshyam
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Nasal Valve ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Nose

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of airflow dynamics on vortices for different flow rates using the human nose three-dimensional model. Design/methodology/approach Olfaction originates with air particles travelling from an external environment to the upper segment of the human nose. This phenomenon is generally understood by using the nasal airflow dynamics, which enhances the olfaction by creating the vortices in the human nose. An anatomical three-dimensional model of the human nasal cavity from computed tomography (CT) scan images using the MIMICS software (Materialise, USA) was developed in this study. Grid independence test was performed through volume flow rate, pressure drop from nostrils and septum and average velocity near the nasal valve region using a four computational mesh model. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to examine the flow pattern and influence of airflow dynamics on vortices in the nasal cavity. Numerical simulations were conducted for the flow rates of 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 L/min using numerical finite volume methods. Findings At coronal cross-sections, dissimilar nasal airflow patterns were observed for 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 L/min rate of fluid flow in the human nasal cavity. Vortices that are found at the boundaries with minimum velocity creates deceleration zone in the nose vestibule region, which is accompanied by flow segregation. Maximum vortices were observed in the nasal valve region and the posterior end of the turbinate region, which involves mixing and recirculation and is responsible for enhancing the smelling process. Practical implications The proposed analysis is applicable to design the sensor chamber for electronic noses. Originality/value In this paper, the influence of airflow dynamics on vortices in the human nasal cavity is discussed through numerical simulations.

scholarly journals Cavernous hemangioma of left nasal meatus

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1115
Author(s):  
Anil Hanakere Thimmaiah ◽  
Smitha Soubhagya Gangaraj ◽  
Thara Rachel Paul
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Cavernous Hemangioma ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Antrochoanal Polyp ◽  
Middle Meatus ◽  
Left Nasal Cavity ◽  
Left Middle ◽  
Skin Mucosa

<p class="abstract">Hemangiomas are benign accumulations of blood vessels which occur in any tissue that includes vascular components like skin, mucosa, muscles, glands and bones. Hemangiomas arising in the nose are rare and account for less than 20% of all benign tumors of nose. They usually arise from inferior turbinate, middle turbinate and vomer. We present a case of cavernous hemangioma of left nasal cavity arising from mucosa of left middle meatus mimicking an antrochoanal polyp. Hemangiomas arising from middle meatus are extremely rare and to our knowledge this is the second case reported in literature.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF ENDONASAL PATHOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DACRYOCYSTITIS AND PECULIARITIES OF SURGICAL TREATMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
О.О. Minaiev
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Paranasal Sinuses ◽  
Maxillary Sinusitis ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Postgraduate Education ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Uncinate Process ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Chronic Dacryocystitis ◽  
Simultaneous Operations

Purpose – to study the prevalence of endonasal pathology in patients with chronicdacryocystitis (CD) and to justify the expediency of simultaneous operations in suchpatients.Material and methods. The study included 109 patients with CD, who were examinedand operated on in 2004-2014 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty ofInternship and Postgraduate Education "Donetsk National Medical University of theMinistry of Health of Ukraine". Examination of patients included consultation with anophthalmologist, lavage of the lacrimal ducts, endoscopy of the nasal cavity, computedtomography. All patients underwent tearing by performing endonasal endoscopicdacryocystorhinostomy (EEDCR).Results. Endonasal pathology was detected in 85.3% of patients: curvature of the nasalseptum - in 71.6% of patients, hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate - in 59.6%, bulloushypertrophy of the middle turbinate - in 5.5%, hypertrophy of the uncinate process- in 6.4%, hyperpneumatization of Agger nasi cells - in 14.7% of patients. The mostcommon combination was curvature of the nasal septum and hypertrophy of the inferiorturbinates - in 56.0% of cases. Inflammatory pathology in the paranasal sinuses wasin 38.5% of cases: ethmoiditis - in 26.6% of patients, maxillary sinusitis - in 13.8%,sphenoiditis - in 1.8% of patients. In 94.6% of patients, the correction of intranasalpathology was performed simultaneously with EEDCR. In 6.4% of these patients therewere complications - nosebleeding after removal of tampons. Simultaneous operationsdid not significantly increase the percentage and variants of complications comparedwith isolated endonasal operations.Conclusion. The vast majority of patients with chronic dacryocystitis have pathologyof the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, which may contribute to the developmentof dacryocystitis and relapse of the disease after operation. Surgical correction ofconcomitant endonasal pathology in patients with chronic dacryocystitis should beperformed simultaneously with endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

The septal body revisited

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Elwany ◽  
S A Salam ◽  
A Soliman ◽  
A Medanni ◽  
E Talaat
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIntroduction:The term septal body refers to a thickened area of the nasal septum which is located superior to the inferior turbinate and anterior to the middle turbinate. Despite its important role in changing nasal airflow resistance, it has received little attention. Clinically, a well developed septal body may be misdiagnosed as high septal deviation.Aim:The aim of the present study was to reassess the histological characteristics of the septal body mucosa and the morphometric differences between it and the adjacent septal mucosa. This information was then used to determine the exact location and surface area of the septal body.Materials and methods:The study was performed on 30 cadaveric specimens (60 sides). Serial numbered sections of the whole septal mucosa were stained with haematoxylin and eosin as well as periodic acid Schiff – Alcian blue. Morphometric analysis was performed to determine the histological differences between the septal body mucosa, the anterior septal mucosa and the inferior septal mucosa. The precise boundaries of the septal body area were then defined in a manner similar to the Mohs micrographic surgical technique.Results:The histological characteristics of the septal body mucosa included thick (more than 60 µm), pseudostratified, ciliated respiratory epithelium with goblet cells, abundant seromucinous glands and many blood sinusoids. Morphometric analysis showed that the septal body mucosa had thicker epithelium and more glandular acini and blood sinusoids than the rest of the septal mucosa. Mapping of the septal body area showed that its anterior end was 2.2 ± 0.3 cm (mean ± standard deviation) behind the caudal edge of the septal cartilage, and its inferior border was 1.1 ± 0.2 cm above the floor of the nose. The mean horizontal diameter of the septal body was 2.0 ± 0.15 cm, and the mean vertical diameter was 1.5 ± 0.11 cm.Conclusions:The present study determined the morphometric characteristics of the septal body as well as its location and surface area. The intimate relationship of the septal body to the internal nasal valve and the histological characteristics of its mucosa should stimulate research into its potential role in modifying nasal airflow pattern and resistance, and its role in changing the humidity and temperature of the inspiratory air stream.

Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma arising in the nasal cavity

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Di Girolamo ◽  
Pier Giorgio Giacomini ◽  
Antonella Coli ◽  
Federica Castri ◽  
Alessandro de Padova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Distant Recurrence ◽  
Ethmoid Bone ◽  
The Right ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma

We report here the case of an epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (EHE) arising in the nasal cavity which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first ever described example in the world literature in that particular site.The patient is a 23-year-old male who presented with repeated episodes of epistaxis from the nasal cavity and with a 1.5 cm reddish, polypoid, smooth, spontaneously bleeding nodule in the rightmiddle meatus. This lesion was histologically diagnosed as epithelioid haemangioendothelioma. Immunohistochemically the neoplasm displayed striking positivity for CD31, CD34 and vimentin. A surgical approach was performed by ’facial degloving’, removing the right inferior turbinate, the anterior two-thirds of the middle turbinate and the medial wall of the ethmoid bone. After 12 months follow-up the patient is disease-free, without any local or distant recurrence.

Acoustic Rhinometry: Accuracy and Ability to Detect Changes in Passage Area at Different Locations in the Nasal Cavity

2005 ◽  
Vol 114 (12) ◽  
pp. 949-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozcan Cakmak ◽  
Erkan Tarhan ◽  
Mehmet Coskun ◽  
Mehmet Cankurtaran ◽  
Huseyin Çelik
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Acoustic Rhinometry ◽  
Nasal Passage ◽  
Nasal Valve ◽  
Distance Curve ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Cast Model

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of acoustic rhinometry (AR) measurements, and to assess how well AR detects obstructions of various sizes at specific sites in the nasal cavity, we created a cast model from an adult cadaver nasal cavity. Methods: The actual cross-sectional areas of the cast model nasal passage were determined by computed tomography and compared with the corresponding areas measured by AR. To assess how nasal obstruction affects the AR results, we placed small wax spheres of different diameters at specific sites in the model (nasal valve, head of the inferior turbinate, head of the middle turbinate, middle of the middle turbinate, choana, and nasopharynx). Results: The AR-derived cross-sectional areas in the first 6.5 cm of the cast model nasal cavity were very close to the corresponding areas calculated from computed tomographic sections perpendicular to the presumed acoustic axis. However, AR overestimated the passage areas at locations posterior to the 6.5-cm point. Acoustic rhinometry gave an accurate indication of the passage area of the nasal valve and its distance from the nostril. The nasal valve and the choana were indicated by significant dips on the AR area-distance curve, whereas the curve was smooth throughout the region that included the head of the inferior turbinate, the head of the middle turbinate, the middle of the middle turbinate, and the nasopharynx. In other words, AR did not discretely identify these latter sites. Acoustic rhinometry detected the different-sized inserts (obstructions) more accurately at the nasal valve than at sites posterior to this location. Conclusions: The results of the study show that AR is a valuable method for assessing the anterior nasal cavity. This technique is sensitive for detecting changes in passage area at the nasal valve region; however, the sensitivity is lower at sites posterior to this. The findings suggest that when there is substantial narrowing of the nasal valve, AR will not identify an obstruction at any location posterior to the nasal valve. In such situations, AR measurements beyond the abnormal nasal valve may easily lead to misinterpretation of the patient's nasal anatomy or condition.

Hierarchical composition in complex object drawing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiru Makuuchi
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Symbolic Cognition

Symbolic behaviours such as language, music, drawing, dance, etc. are unique to humans and are found universally in every culture on earth1. These behaviours operate in different cognitive domains, but they are commonly characterised as linear sequences of symbols2,3. One of the most prominent features of language is hierarchical structure4, which is also found in music5,6 and mathematics7. Current research attempts to address whether hierarchical structure exists in drawing. When we draw complex objects, such as a face, we draw part by part in a hierarchical manner guided by visual semantic knowledge8. More specifically, we predicted how hierarchical structure emerges in drawing as follows. Although the drawing order of the constituent parts composing the target object is different amongst individuals, some parts will be drawn in succession consistently, thereby forming chunks. These chunks of parts would then be further integrated with other chunks into superordinate chunks, while showing differential affinity amongst chunks. The integration of chunks to an even higher chunk level repeats until finally reaching the full object. We analysed the order of drawing strokes of twenty-two complex objects by twenty-five young healthy adult participants with a cluster analysis9 and demonstrated reasonable hierarchical structures. The results suggest that drawing involves a linear production of symbols with a hierarchical structure. From an evolutionary point of view, we argue that ancient engravings and paintings manifest Homo sapiens’ capability for hierarchical symbolic cognition.

Numerical simulation of humidification and heating during inspiration within an adult nose

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
F. Sommer ◽  
R. Kroger ◽  
J. Lindemann
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Multislice Ct ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
In Vivo Measurements ◽  
Airflow Distribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Nose

Background: The temperature of inhaled air is highly relevant for the humidification process. Narrow anatomical conditions limit possibilities for in vivo measurements. Numerical simulations offer a great potential to examine the function of the human nose. Objective: In the present study, the nasal humidification of inhaled air was simulated simultaneously with temperature distribution during a respiratory cycle. Methods: A realistic nose model based on a multislice CT scan was created. The simulation was performed by the Software Fluent(r). Boundary conditions were based on previous in vivo measurements. Inhaled air had a temperature of 20(deg)C and relative humidity of 30%. The wall temperature was assumed to be variable from 34(deg)C to 30(deg)C with constant humidity saturation of 100% during the respiratory cycle. Results: A substantial increase in temperature and humidity can be observed after passing the nasal valve area. Areas with high speed air flow, e.g. the space around the turbinates, show an intensive humidification and heating potential. Inspired air reaches 95% humidity and 28(deg)C within the nasopharynx. Conclusion: The human nose features an enormous humidification and heating capability. Warming and humidification are dependent on each other and show a similar spacial pattern. Concerning the climatisation function, the middle turbinate is of high importance. In contrast to in vivo measurements, numerical simulations can explore the impact of airflow distribution on nasal air conditioning. They are an effective method to investigate nasal pathologies and impacts of surgical procedures.

Effect of bidi smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance: a comparative study

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (12) ◽  
pp. 1077-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Paul ◽  
S S Menon ◽  
R Vasthare ◽  
R Balakrishnan ◽  
S Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Methylene Blue Dye ◽  
Single Drop ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Nasal Mucociliary Clearance

AbstractObjectiveTo compare nasal mucociliary clearance in adult non-smokers, cigarette smokers and bidi smokers using the methylene blue dye test.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 20 non-smokers, 20 cigarette smokers and 20 bidi smokers (age range, 20–40 years). A single drop of the methylene blue dye was placed at the anterior end of the inferior turbinate of the participants’ nasal cavity. The distance travelled by the methylene blue in 15 minutes inside the nasal cavity was measured. Nasal mucociliary clearance of the three groups was compared using the Kruskal Wallis test.ResultsNasal mucociliary clearance was significantly decreased in bidi smokers as compared to cigarette smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between nasal mucociliary clearance and bidi smoking, number of cigarettes or bidis smoked per day, and pack-years (all p < 0.05).ConclusionNasal mucociliary clearance measurement is a simple and useful index for assessing the effect of smoking on the mucociliary activity of nasal mucosa.

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