scholarly journals A Novel Luminescence-Based Serum Bactericidal Assay for Vibrio cholerae Reduces Assay Variation, Is Time- and Cost-Effective, and Directly Measures Continuous Titer Values

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor A. Wahlig ◽  
Ben J. Brintz ◽  
Melanie Prettyman ◽  
Andrew S. Azman ◽  
Daniel T. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Bactericidal Assay ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Serum Bactericidal Assay ◽  
Bacterial Outgrowth

Cholera remains a significant public health burden worldwide, and better methods for monitoring cholera incidence would enhance the effectiveness of public health interventions. The serum bactericidal assay (SBA) has been used extensively for Vibrio cholerae vaccine assessments and serosurveillance. Current SBA approaches for V. cholerae rely on colony enumeration or optical density (OD600nm) readings to measure viable bacteria following complement-mediated lysis. These methods provide titer values that are constrained to discrete dilution values and rely on bacterial outgrowth, which is time consuming and prone to variation. Detection of bacterial proteins following complement-mediated lysis presents a faster and potentially less variable alternative approach independent of bacterial outgrowth. Here, we present an SBA that measures luciferase luminescence driven by lysis-released adenylate kinase. This approach is faster and less variable than growth-dependent SBAs and directly measures continuous titer values. This novel SBA method can potentially be applied to other bacteria of interest.

scholarly journals Indian agriculture, air pollution, and public health in the age of COVID

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J McDonald ◽  
Balwinder-Singh ◽  
M.L. Jat ◽  
Peter Craufurd ◽  
Jon Hellin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Agricultural Burning ◽  
Northwest India

Emerging evidence supports the intuitive link between chronic health conditions associated with air pollution and the vulnerability of individuals and communities to COVID-19. Poor air quality already imposes a highly significant public health burden in Northwest India, with pollution levels spiking to hazardous levels in November and early December when rice crop residues are burned. The urgency of curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigating a potential resurgence later in the year provides even more justification for accelerating efforts to dramatically reduce open agricultural burning in India.

scholarly journals Asthma and stroke: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Corlateanu ◽  
Iu Stratan ◽  
S. Covantev ◽  
V. Botnaru ◽  
O. Corlateanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Asthma Patients ◽  
Significant Public Health

AbstractAsthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation, bronchial reversible obstruction and hyperresponsiveness to direct or indirect stimuli. It is a severe disease causing approximately half a million deaths every year and thus possessing a significant public health burden. Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Asthma and asthma medications may be a risk factors for developing stroke. Nevertheless, since asthma is associated with a variety of comorbidities, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and respiratory, the increased incidence of stroke in asthma patients may be due to a confounding effect. The purpose of this review is to analyze the complex relationship between asthma and stroke.

scholarly journals Systemic, Mucosal, and Memory Immune Responses following Cholera

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Edward T. Ryan ◽  
Daniel T. Leung ◽  
Owen Jensen ◽  
Ana A. Weil ◽  
Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
Cholera Vaccines

Vibrio cholerae O1, the major causative agent of cholera, remains a significant public health threat. Although there are available vaccines for cholera, the protection provided by killed whole-cell cholera vaccines in young children is poor. An obstacle to the development of improved cholera vaccines is the need for a better understanding of the primary mechanisms of cholera immunity and identification of improved correlates of protection. Considerable progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the adaptive and innate immune responses to cholera disease as well as V. cholerae infection. This review will assess what is currently known about the systemic, mucosal, memory, and innate immune responses to clinical cholera, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and correlates of protection against V. cholerae O1 infection.

Violence

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheara A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Significant Public Health

Violence is a serious social issue that affects millions of individuals, families, and communities every year. It transcends across racial, age, gender, and socioeconomic groups, and is considered a significant public health burden in the United States. The purpose of this entry is to provide an overview of violence as a broad yet complicated concept. Definitional issues are discussed. Additional prevalence rates of select types of violence are presented in addition to risk and protective factors associated with violent behavior. The entry concludes with a summary of approaches to address violence in the context of prevention and intervention strategies.

Network information analysis reveals risk perception transmission in a behaviour-influenza dynamics system

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-M. LIAO ◽  
S.-H. YOU ◽  
Y.-H. CHENG
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Significant Public Health

SUMMARYInfluenza poses a significant public health burden worldwide. Understanding how and to what extent people would change their behaviour in response to influenza outbreaks is critical for formulating public health policies. We incorporated the information-theoretic framework into a behaviour-influenza (BI) transmission dynamics system in order to understand the effects of individual behavioural change on influenza epidemics. We showed that information transmission of risk perception played a crucial role in the spread of health-seeking behaviour throughout influenza epidemics. Here a network BI model provides a new approach for understanding the risk perception spread and human behavioural change during disease outbreaks. Our study allows simultaneous consideration of epidemiological, psychological, and social factors as predictors of individual perception rates in behaviour-disease transmission systems. We suggest that a monitoring system with precise information on risk perception should be constructed to effectively promote health behaviours in preparation for emerging disease outbreaks.

scholarly journals Incidence, cost and gender differences of oropharyngeal and noncervical anogenital cancers in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inseon Choi ◽  
Donghwan Lee ◽  
Kyungbok Son ◽  
SeungJin Bae
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Oropharyngeal Cancer ◽  
First Year ◽  
Claim Database ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with a significant public health burden, yet few studies have been conducted in Asia, especially on noncervical cancers. We estimated the incidence and cost of oropharyngeal and noncervical anogenital (anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile) cancer in Korea. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Korea’s National Health Insurance (NHI) claim database from 2013 to 2016. The main outcome measures were the number of respective cancer incidences during the study period and the annual costs per patient in the first year after diagnosis, which was adjusted by relevant variables based on the regression analysis. Results : During the study period, 8,022 patients with these cancers were identified, and oropharyngeal cancer comprised 46% of them. The incidence rate for male oropharyngeal cancer was significantly higher than that of females (3.1 vs. 0.7 per 100,000 as of 2016, respectively). Additionally, the incidence of male oropharyngeal cancer increased from 2.7 in 2013 to 3.1 in 2016, whereas that of female and other cancers was stable during the study period. The mean annual incidence-based cost per patient in 2016 was highest for oropharyngeal cancers (21,870 USD), and it was significantly higher in males than in females based on then regression analysis (p <.001). Conclusions: Oropharyngeal cancer comprises the highest number of HPV-associated noncervical cancer incidences in Korea, and the incidence and cost of oropharyngeal cancer was significantly higher among males than females. More aggressive public health policy toward males may decrease gender gap of oropharyngeal cancer.

scholarly journals Cerebral Malaria and Toxoplasmosis: Could their Concomitant Presentation Worsen Psychotic Condition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-39
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Ibrahim ◽  
Olayinka Atilola ◽  
Aminu Mohammed ◽  
Emmanuel J. Awosanya ◽  
Ismail A. Odetokun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractMalaria and toxoplasmosis are two important parasitic diseases with significant public health concerns in the Sub-Saharan African countries. Some aspects of pathogenesis of the two parasitic diseases involve the central nervous system manifesting neuropsychiatric disorders. Studies have implicated the single infection by Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in development of psychosis. Although concomitant infection of the two parasites suggests an aggravated psychotic condition, there is currently no reported study. This article reviewed some studies which implicated malaria and toxoplasmosis in psychosis. It further explored the likely role of concurrent infection by the parasites on psychosis, the dynamics of their pathology and possible effects of certain psychosis-associated cytokines and other biomolecules on the central nervous system. We recommend evidence-based research efforts in this field for the effective management of these two parasitic diseases to abate the public health burden of psychosis.

scholarly journals Exosomes in intercellular communication and implications for osteoarthritis

Rheumatology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabha Asghar ◽  
Gary J Litherland ◽  
John C Lockhart ◽  
Carl S Goodyear ◽  
Anne Crilly
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Secretory Tissue ◽  
Review Current

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent of the musculoskeletal conditions and represents a significant public health burden. While degeneration of articular cartilage is a key feature, it is now increasingly recognized as a complex condition affecting the whole joint, with synovial inflammation present in a significant proportion of patients. As a secretory tissue, the OA synovium is a rich source of both soluble inflammatory mediators and extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, which have been implicated in cell–cell communication. Exosome cargo has been found to include proteins, lipids and various RNA subtypes such as mRNA and miRNA, potentially capable of regulating gene expression in target cells and tissues. Profiling of exosome cargo and understanding effects on cartilage could elucidate novel regulatory mechanisms within the joint, providing insight for targeted treatment. The aim of this article is to review current literature on exosome biology, highlighting the relevance and application for OA pathogenesis.

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