scholarly journals Factors influencing individual and community participation in the control of tsetse flies and human African trypanosomiasis in Urambo District, Tanzania

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Sindato ◽  
E N Kimbita ◽  
S N Kiboma
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Factors Influencing

Human African trypanosomiasis

2010 ◽  
pp. 1119-1127
Author(s):  
August Stich
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Tropical Africa

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness) is caused by two subspecies of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei: T. b. rhodesiense is prevalent in East Africa among many wild and domestic mammals; T. b. gambiense causes an anthroponosis in Central and West Africa. The disease is restricted to tropical Africa where it is transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (...

Human African trypanosomiasis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1451-1459
Author(s):  
Reto Brun ◽  
Johannes Blum
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Stage 1

Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is caused by subspecies of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The disease is restricted to tropical Africa where it is transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). Control programmes in the 1960s were very effective, but subsequent relaxation of control measures led to recurrence of epidemic proportions in the 1980s and 1990s. Control is now being regained. Untreated human African trypanosomiasis is almost invariably fatal. Specific treatment depends on the trypanosome subspecies and the stage of the disease. Drugs used for stage 1 include pentamidine and suramin, and for stage 2 include melarsoprol, eflornithine, and nifurtimox, but regimens are not standardized, and treatment is difficult and dangerous; all of the drugs used have many side effects, some potentially lethal.

scholarly journals PO 8421 LITERATURE REVIEW OF BIOMARKERS FOR HUMAN AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS POST-TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A35.3-A36
Author(s):  
Lukusa Ngay ◽  
Veerle Lejon ◽  
Mumba Ngoyi
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity

IntroductionHuman African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and rhodesiense and is transmitted to humans by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa. To detect cure or treatment failure, patients are followed up after treatment integrating the use of biomarkers in blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).MethodsA systematic review of the literature according to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews was done, focusing on biological markers for HAT post-treatment follow-up. Articles were retrieved from PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) by using keywords: Human African Trypanosomiasis, Biomarkers, Follow up, Post treatment.ResultsA panel of biomarkers is used to detect relapses or to confirm recovery. For post-treatment follow-up, an examination of the CSF is performed. White blood cell counts in CSF with a defined cut-off value have been proven to be the most accurate to assess the treatment outcome. The intrathecal immunoglobulin M synthesis is a specific and sensitive parameter for the detection of CNS involvement in cases of HAT caused by T. brucei gambiense. The decrease of trypanosome-specific antibodies concentrations in CSF could be a good parameter for definite cure. High CSF IL-10 levels during treatment follow-up indicate recurring CNS inflammation and treatment failure. An increase of Neopterin in CSF and the presence of trypanosome spliced leader RNA in the blood have a high potential as predictors for treatment failure but need further validation.ConclusionNew biomarkers for post-treatment follow-up in HAT should 1) have high diagnostic specificity and sensitivity; 2) be applicable in field conditions; 3) preferentially be performed on blood and thus avoid the painful lumbar puncture during post-treatment control visits; and 4) shorten the follow-up period.

scholarly journals The Flipside of Eradicating a Disease; Human African Trypanosomiasis in a Woman in Rural Democratic Republic of Congo: A Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junior Mudji ◽  
Jonathan Benhamou ◽  
Erick Mwamba-Miaka ◽  
Christian Burri ◽  
Johannes Blum
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Test Results ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Two Phases

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected disease caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies that progresses in two phases. Symptoms in the first phase include fever, headaches, pruritus, lymphadenopathy, and in certain cases, hepato- and splenomegaly. Neurological disorders such as sleep disorder, aggressive behavior, logorrhea, psychotic reactions, and mood changes are signs of the second stage of the disease. Diagnosis follows complex algorithms, including serological testing and microscopy. Our case report illustrates the course of events of a 41-year old woman with sleep disorder, among other neurological symptoms, whose diagnosis was made seven months after the onset of symptoms. The patient had consulted two different hospitals in Kinshasa and was on the verge of being discharged from a third due to negative laboratory test results. This case report highlights the challenges that may arise when a disease is on the verge of eradication.

scholarly journals Factors influencing passive surveillance for T. b. rhodesiense human african trypanosomiasis in Uganda

Acta Tropica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 230-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Acup ◽  
Kevin Louis Bardosh ◽  
Kim Picozzi ◽  
Charles Waiswa ◽  
Susan Christina Welburn
Keyword(s):  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Factors Influencing

scholarly journals Livestock, pathogens, vectors, and their environment: a causal inference-based approach to estimating the pathway-specific effect of livestock on human African trypanosomiasis risk

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianne Meisner ◽  
Agapitus Kato ◽  
Marshall Lemerani ◽  
Erick Mwamba Miaka ◽  
Acaga Ismail Taban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Causal Inference ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Spatial Epidemiology ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Change Effect

Livestock are important reservoirs for many diseases, and investigation of such zoonoses has long been the focus of One Health research. However, the effects of livestock on human and environmental health extend well beyond direct disease transmission.  In this retrospective ecological cohort study we use pre-existing data and methods derived from causal inference and spatial epidemiology to estimate three hypothesized mechanisms by which livestock can come to bear on human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) risk: the reservoir effect, by which infected cattle and pigs are a source of infection to humans; the zooprophylactic effect, by which preference for livestock hosts exhibited by the tsetse fly vector of HAT means that their presence protects humans from infection; and the environmental change effect, by which livestock keeping activities modify the environment in such a way that habitat suitability for tsetse flies, and in turn human infection risk, is reduced. We conducted this study in four high burden countries: at the point level in Uganda, Malawi, and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and at the county-level in South Sudan. Our results indicate cattle and pigs play an important reservoir role for the rhodesiense form (rHAT) in Uganda, however zooprophylaxis outweighs this effect for rHAT in Malawi. For the gambiense form (gHAT) we found evidence that pigs may be a competent reservoir, however dominance of the reservoir versus zooprophylactic pathway for cattle varied across countries. We did not find compelling evidence of an environmental change effect.

scholarly journals SNPs in IL4 and IFNG show no protective associations with human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Olivier Fataki Asina ◽  
Harry Noyes ◽  
Bruno Bucheton ◽  
Hamidou Ilboudo ◽  
Annette MacLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Latent Infections ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Republic Of The Congo

Background: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a protozoal disease transmitted by tsetse flies. Infection with trypanosomes can lead directly to active HAT or latent infection with no detectable parasites, which may progress to active HAT or to spontaneous self-cure. Genetic variation could explain these differences in the outcome of infection. To test this hypothesis, polymorphisms in 17 candidate genes were tested (APOL1 [G1 and G2], CFH, HLA-A, HPR, HP, IL1B, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL10, IL4R, MIF, TNFA, IL6, IL4, IL8, IFNG, and HLA-G). Methods: Samples were collected in Democratic Republic of the Congo. 233 samples were genotyped: 100 active HAT cases, 33 from subjects with latent infections and 100 negative controls. Commercial service providers genotyped polymorphisms at 96 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 17 genes. Data were analyzed using Plink V1.9 software and R. Loci, with suggestive associations (uncorrected p < 0.05) validated using an additional 594 individuals, including 164 cases and 430 controls. Results: After quality control, 87 SNPs remained in the analysis. Two SNPs in IL4 and two in IFNG were suggestively associated (uncorrected p<0.05) with a differential risk of developing a Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection in the Congolese population. The IFNG minor allele (rs2430561, rs2069718) SNPs were protective in comparison between latent infections and controls. Carriers of the rs2243258_T and rs2243279_A alleles of IL4 and the rs2069728_T allele of IFNG had a reduced risk of developing illness or latent infection, respectively. None of these associations were significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. A validation study using more samples was run to determine if the absence of significant association was due to lack of power. Conclusions: This study showed no evidence of an association of HAT with IL4 and IFNG SNPs or with APOL1 G1 and G2 alleles, which have been found to be protective in other studies.

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