Comparison of Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Contamination in Grain of High-Oil and Normal-Oil Corn Hybrids

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
DINA E. SEVERNS ◽  
MICHAEL J. CLEMENTS ◽  
ROBERT J. LAMBERT ◽  
DONALD G. WHITE
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
High Oil Corn ◽  
Corn Kernels ◽  
Aspergillus Ear Rot ◽  
Corn Grain

High-oil corn (Zea mays L.) grain is a valuable component of feed for monogastric livestock. One method of increasing the concentration of oil in corn grain is the TopCross method. With TopCross, ears of a cytoplasmic male-sterile, normal-oil hybrid are pollinated by a male-fertile, high-oil synthetic hybrid. The concentration of oil in the resulting grain is increased because of xenia effects. Kernels of high-oil corn typically have a larger germ and a smaller endosperm than kernels of comparable normal hybrids. The growth of Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr within germ tissue has been reported to be more extensive than that on the whole corn kernel; therefore, the severity of Aspergillus ear rot could be more extensive and aflatoxin concentrations could be higher in high-oil grain produced by TopCross than in grain with a lower concentration of oil. The objective of this study was to compare Aspergillus ear rot severity levels and aflatoxin concentrations in the grains of hybrids crossed with high-oil or normal-oil pollinators. Fifteen hybrids were evaluated in 1998 and 1999 in Urbana, Ill. Primary ears were inoculated with A. flavus and evaluated for susceptibility to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production in grain. Concentrations of aflatoxin and oil in corn kernels were significantly higher for high-oil hybrids than for normal-oil hybrids; however, ear rot severity was unaffected by the type of pollinator. These results suggest that grain from high-oil hybrids is at greater risk for aflatoxin contamination during some growing seasons.

Spatial variability of Aspergillus flavus soil populations under different crops and corn grain colonization and aflatoxins

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1768-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
H K Abbas ◽  
R M Zablotowicz ◽  
M A Locke
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Corn Kernels

Aflatoxin contamination in corn caused by Aspergillus flavus Link is a serious constraint on economical corn (Zea mays L.) production in the Mississippi Delta. The ecology of A. flavus was evaluated in a 3-year study assessing the spatial variability of soil populations of A. flavus in a Mississippi Delta field under different crops. A 1.07-ha section of the field was laid out in 126 9.2-m2 plots, and soil was sampled in May 2000, March 2001, and April 2002. Aspergillus flavus populations were determined by plating on selective media, and A. flavus colonization was assessed in corn during 2000. Aspergillus flavus populations in soil were significantly (P < 0.01 level) influenced by previous crop. The highest propagule density (794 cfu·g–1) was found following the corn crop in 2001 versus 251 cfu·g–1 soil in 2000 following cotton and 457 cfu·g–1 following wheat in 2002. Aspergillus flavus populations in 2001 and 2002 exhibited a moderate degree of spatial structure, described by spherical and exponential models, respectively, but populations in 2000 exhibited little spatial structure. Colonization of corn kernels by A. flavus in 2000 ranged from 0% to 100% (mean = 15% colonized kernels), and aflatoxin levels ranged from 0 to 1590 ppb (mean = 57 ppb). Aflatoxin levels were randomly distributed in the field and not correlated with A. flavus colonization. Aflatoxin production was found in 43% to 59% of A. flavus soil isolates with the highest incidence in soil populations following corn in 2001. However, 84% of A. flavus isolated from corn kernels produced aflatoxin. Results indicate that within a single field there was a wide range of A. flavus soil propagule densities varying in potential to produce aflatoxin.Key words: Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxins, soil, corn (Zea mays), cotton, wheat, spatial variability.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Resistance to Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Production of Corn from CI2

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Walker ◽  
D. G. White
Keyword(s):  
Gene Action ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Additive Gene Action ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
Corn Inbred ◽  
Aspergillus Ear Rot

This study determined the types and magnitude of gene action, estimated heritabilities, and predicted gain from selection for resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production in the cross of resistant corn inbred CI2 to susceptible inbred B73 in 1998 and 1999. The warm, dry summer of 1998 favored aflatoxin production, whereas the conditions of 1999 did not. Resistance to ear rot was mainly controlled by additive gene action. Aflatoxin values were analyzed by individual years (environments) because of the highly significant generation × environment interaction. Resistance to aflatoxin production was mainly controlled by epistasis in 1998 and by additive gene action in 1999. Heritabilities for ear rot and aflatoxin production were higher in the F3 generation than in the BCP1-selfed generation. In 1998, Spearman's correlation coefficients between Aspergillus ear rot ratings and aflatoxin values for the F3 and the BCP1-selfed families were not significant (P > 0.05). In 1999, both were highly significant (P < 0.01), but low at 0.41 and 0.17 for the F3 and BCP1-selfed generations, respectively. We found that CI2 is not an acceptable source of resistance due to lower heritabilities and disease resistance compared to other sources of resistance.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Resistance to Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Production of Corn from Tex6

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Hamblin ◽  
D. G. White
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Corn Inbred ◽  
Aspergillus Ear Rot

The inheritance of resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production in corn (Zea mays L.) caused by Aspergillus flavus was studied in progeny derived from crosses between the resistant corn inbred cv. Tex6 and susceptible inbred cvs. B73 and Mo17. From 1994 to 1996, plant generations included were the P1 (susceptible B73 or Mo17), P2 (resistant Tex6), F1, F2, F3, BCP1, BCP1-selfed, and BCP2. The BCP2-selfed generation was added in 1995 and 1996 for the B73 × Tex6 cross. Primary ears were pinboard inoculated and evaluated for Aspergillus ear rot severity. F1 means deviated from the midparent value toward resistance for aflatoxin production and toward susceptibility for ear rot in both crosses. Analyses of generation means indicate that additive gene action was most important in the resistance to both ear rot and aflatoxin production in the B73 × Tex6 cross. Mo17 was somewhat resistant to both traits, so resistance from Tex6 was not well defined in this cross. Broad-sense heritabilities for ear rot and aflatoxin production were 58 and 63% for Mo17 × Tex6, and 66 and 65% for B73 × Tex6. Narrow-sense heritabilities for ear rot and aflatoxin production were 39 and 45% for B73 × Tex6. It is estimated that one cycle of selection for resistance within B73 × Tex6 F3 families would reduce the percentage of ear rot severity by 8.5% and aflatoxin concentration by 19 ng/g.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Resistance to Aflatoxin Production and Aspergillus Ear Rot of Corn from the Cross of Inbreds B73 and Oh516

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 1107-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Busboom ◽  
D. G. White
Keyword(s):  
Gene Action ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Greenish Yellow ◽  
Generation Means ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Single Factor Analysis ◽  
Aflatoxin Accumulation ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Aspergillus Ear Rot

Our objective was to determine the value of corn (Zea mays) inbred Oh516 as a source of resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin accumulation in grain. Types and magnitudes of gene action associated with resistance were determined with generation means analysis. Molecular markers associated with resistance were identified from BCP1S1 families developed from the cross of the susceptible inbred B73 and Oh516. In 2001 and 2002, B73 (P1), Oh516 (P2), and the F1, F2, F3, BCP1, BCP2, and BCP1S1 generations were evaluated for aflatoxin concentration in grain, percent bright greenish yellow fluorescence (BGYF), and severity of Aspergillus ear rot following inoculation in Urbana, IL. BCP1S1 families testcrossed with LH185 also were evaluated at three locations in 2002. Molecular marker-quantitative trait loci (QTL) associations with all traits were determined with single factor analysis of variance. Dominance gene action was associated with aflatoxin concentration in grain and percent BGYF. QTL associated with aflatoxin accumulation in grain were identified on chromosomes 2, 3, and 7 (bins 2.01 to 2.03, 2.08, 3.08, and 7.06). Alleles from inbred Oh516 on chromosomes 2, 3, and 7 should improve resistance of commercially used, B73-type inbreds.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature, rainfall and planting date on aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in commercial Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids in Arkansas

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed K. Abbas ◽  
W. Thomas Shier ◽  
Rick D. Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Bt Corn ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Southeastern Usa ◽  
Growing Seasons

Corn (maize,Zea mays) is susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins, fumonisins and other mycotoxins, particularly in the southeastern USA. In principle, mycotoxin contamination could be reduced in commercial corn hybrids with shorter growing seasons by planting at dates which minimize plant stress during the critical kernel-filling period. To evaluate this strategy, commercial Bt and non-Bt hybrids were planted in Arkansas in mid-April and early May of 2002, 2004 and 2005. The mid-April planting date resulted in lower aflatoxin contamination in harvested corn each yr and in significantly less frequent contamination above a regulatory action level in 2005 and overall than did the early-May planting date in both Bt and non-Bt corn. The mid-April planting date resulted in significantly lower total fumonisin contamination in harvested corn and in less frequent contamination above a regulatory advisory level than the early May planting date in 2 of 3 yr and overall in both Bt and non-Bt corn. All fumonisin subtypes studied were reduced. Frequent co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin was observed. Fumonisin levels averaged lower in Bt hybrids than in non-Bt hybrids at all plantings. Reduced aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination with mid-April planting could not be explained by any measure of heat stress during the kernel-filling period.

Factors influencing the inhibition of aflatoxin production in corn by Aspergillus niger

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1087-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Horn ◽  
D. T. Wicklow
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Corn Kernels ◽  
Substrate Ph

Aspergillus niger, a mold commonly associated with Aspergillus flavus in damaged corn, interferes with the production of aflatoxin when grown with A. flavus on autoclaved corn. The pH of com-meal disks was adjusted using NaOH–HCl, citric acid–sodium citrate, or a water extract of A. niger fermented corn. Aflatoxin formation was completely inhibited below pH 2.8–3.0, irrespective of the system used for pH adjustment. When grown in association with A. flavus NRRL 6432 on autoclaved corn kernels, A. niger NRRL 6411 lowered substrate pH sufficiently to suppress aflatoxin production. The biodegradation of aflatoxin B1or its conversion to aflatoxin B2a were eliminated as potential mechanisms by which A. niger reduces aflatoxin contamination. A water extract of corn kernels fermented with A. niger caused an additional inhibition of aflatoxin formation apart from the effects of pH.

scholarly journals Relationships Among Resistances to Fusarium and Aspergillus Ear Rots and Contamination by Fumonisin and Aflatoxin in Maize

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilani A. Robertson-Hoyt ◽  
Javier Betrán ◽  
Gary A. Payne ◽  
Don G. White ◽  
Thomas Isakeit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Genotypic Correlation ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Aspergillus Ear Rot

Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus flavus cause ear rots of maize and contaminate the grain with mycotoxins (fumonisin or aflatoxin). The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between resistance to Fusarium and Aspergillus ear rots and fumonisin and aflatoxin contamination. Based on a previous study of 143 recombinant inbred lines from the cross NC300 × B104, 24 lines with the highest and 24 lines with the lowest mean fumonisin concentration were selected for further evaluation. Paired plots of each line were inoculated with F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum or with A. flavus in replicated trials in 2004 and 2005 in Clayton, NC, and College Station, TX. The low-fumonisin group had significantly lower levels of fumonisin, aflatoxin, and Fusarium and Aspergillus ear rots. Across year-location environments, all four traits were significantly correlated; the genotypic correlation (rG) ranged from rG = 0.88 (aflatoxin and Aspergillus ear rot) to rG = 0.99 (Fusarium and Aspergillus ear rots). Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified and their effects estimated. Two QTLs affected both toxin concentrations, one QTL affected both ear rots, and one QTL affected Aspergillus and Fusarium rots and fumonisin. These results suggest that at least some of the genes involved in resistance to ear rots and mycotoxin contamination are identical or genetically linked.

scholarly journals Uji Ketahanan beberapa Varietas Unggul Jagung terhadap Penyakit Gibberella dan Diplodia

Biosfera ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Soenartiningsih Soenartiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Corn ◽  
Gibberella Ear Rot ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Check Resistance ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Hybrid Maize ◽  
Corn Kernels

Gibberella and Diplodia ear rot is a disease that can damage the corn cobs and corn kernels resulting in lower quality and quantity of seed. The objective of the research are to find the varieties of corn which are resistant  the ear  rot disease Gibberella and Diplodia. This study was conducted in Limang Karo regency, North Sumatera, a randomized block design with three replications, each treatment comprised 4 rows and each row contained 25 plants with a spacing of 75 x 20 cm. The results showed 25 Hybrid maize tested against Gibberella ear rot there are 7 Hybrid corn hybrids that are resistant to ear rot  Kenia-2, NK33, Bima 3, Bima 10 Bima 12 Q, NEI-9008 and X8B649 (check resistance) and moderately resistance there are 9 hybrid that Kenia-3, DK979, NK22, P12, Gumarang, Srikandi putih, Lamuru and Sukmaraga  and 9 hybrid to ear rot disease were reacted susceptible and highly susceptible. Whereas from 25 Hybrid maize tested against Diplodia ear rot there are 6 Hybrid corn hybrids resistant to ear rot disease is Kenia - 2, NK33, Bima 3, Bima 12 Q, NEI-9008 and X8B649 (check resistance) while that is moderately resistancet there are 11 hybrid that is Kenia-3, DK979, NK22, P29, Bisi 2, P12, Bima 10, Gumarang, Srikandi putih, Lamuru and Sukmaraga, while 8 hybrid others were reacted susceptible and highly susceptible.

Production of Aflatoxin in Cocoa Beans

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1076-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M Lenovich ◽  
W Jeffrey Hurst
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Substrate Variation

Abstract Aflatoxin was produced in both non-autoclaved and autoclaved Ivory Coast cocoa beans inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 under optimum laboratory growth conditions. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 213 to 5597 ng/g substrate. Aflatoxin was quantitated by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Raw, non-autoclaved cocoa beans, also inoculated with aspergilli, produced 6359 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. Variation in aflatoxin production between bean varieties was observed. Total aflatoxin levels of 10,446 and 23,076 ng/g substrate were obtained on Ivory Coast beans inoculated with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3240, respectively. Aflatoxin production on Trinidad and Malaysian beans was 28 and 65 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. These data support previously reported low level natural aflatoxin contamination in cocoa.

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