Comparative Effect of Direct-Fed Microbials on Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in Naturally Infected Feedlot Cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
EBOT S. TABE ◽  
JAMES OLOYA ◽  
DAWN K. DOETKOTT ◽  
MARC L. BAUER ◽  
PENELOPE S. GIBBS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Comparative Effect ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
And Control

The effect of direct-fed microbials (DFM) on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in naturally infected feedlot cattle was evaluated in a clinical trial involving 138 feedlot steers. Following standard laboratory methods, fecal samples collected from steers were evaluated for change in the detectable levels of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella shed in feces after DFM treatment. Sampling of steers was carried out every 3 weeks for 84 days. A significant reduction (32%) in fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.001), but not Salmonella (P = 0.24), was observed among the treatment steers compared with the control group during finishing. The probability of recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from the feces of treated and control steers was 34.0 and 66.0%, respectively. Steers placed on DFM supplement were almost three times less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 (odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.53; P < 0.001) in their feces as opposed to their control counterparts. The probability of recovery of Salmonella from the feces of the control (14.0%) and the treated (11.3%) steers was similar. However, the DFM significantly reduced probability of new infections with Salmonella among DFM-treated cattle compared with controls (nontreated ones). It appears that DFM as applied in our study are capable of significantly reducing fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in naturally infected cattle but not Salmonella. The factors responsible for the observed difference in the effects of DFM on E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella warrants further investigation.

Bacteriophages reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels in experimentally inoculated sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Bach ◽  
R P Johnson ◽  
K. Stanford ◽  
T A McAllister
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
And Control

Bacteriophage biocontrol has potential as a means of mitigating the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminants. The efficacy of oral administration of bacteriophages for reducing fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by sheep was evaluated using 20 Canadian Arcott rams (50.0 ± 3.0) housed in four rooms (n = 5) in a contained facility. The rams had ad libitum access to drinking water and a pelleted barley-based total mixed ration, delivered once daily. Experimental treatments consisted of administration of E. coli O157:H7 (O157), E. coli O157:H7+bacteriophages (O157+phage), bacteriophages (phage), and control (CON). Oral inoculation of the rams with 109 CFU of a mixture of four nalidixic acid-resistant strains of E. coli O157:H7 was performed on day 0. A mixture of 1010 PFU of bacteriophages P5, P8 and P11 was administered on days -2, -1, 0, 6 and 7. Fecal samples collected on 14 occasions over 21 d were analyzed for E. coli O157:H7, total E. coli, total coliforms and bacteriophages. Sheep in treatment O157+phage shed fewer (P < 0.05) E. coli O157:H7 than did sheep in treatment O157. Populations of total coliforms and total E. coli were similar (P < 0.05) among treatments, implying that bacteriophage lysis of non-target E. coli and coliform bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract did not occur. Bacteriophage numbers declined rapidly over 21 d, which likely reduced the chance of collision between bacteria and bacteriophage. Oral administration of bacteriophages reduced shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by sheep, but a delivery system that would protect bacteriophages during passage through the intestine may increase the effectiveness of this strategy as well as allow phage to be administered in the feed.Key words: Escherichia coli O157:H7, bacteriophage, sheep, environment, coliforms

Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in North Dakota Feedlot Cattle in the Fall and Spring

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1154-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARET L. KHAITSA ◽  
MARC L. BAUER ◽  
GREGORY P. LARDY ◽  
DAWN K. DOETKOTT ◽  
REDEMPTA B. KEGODE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli

Cattle are an important reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7, which can lead to contamination of food and water, and subsequent human disease. E. coli O157:H7 shedding in cattle has been reported as seasonal, with more animals shedding during summer and early fall than during winter. North Dakota has relatively cold weather, especially in winter and early spring, compared with many other regions of the United States. The objective was to assess fecal shedding of E. coli O157: H7 in North Dakota feedlot cattle over the fall, winter, and early spring. One hundred forty-four steers were assigned randomly to 24 pens on arrival at the feedlot. Samples of rectal feces were obtained from each steer four times (October and November 2003, and March and April 2004) during finishing. On arrival (October 2003), 2 (1.4%) of 144 cattle were shedding E. coli O157:H7. The shedding increased significantly to 10 (6.9%) of 144 after 28 days (November 2003), to 76 (53%) of 143 at the third sampling (March 2004), and dropped significantly to 30 (21%) of 143 at the fourth (last) sampling (March 2004) before slaughter. Unfortunately, we were unable to sample the cattle during winter because of the extreme weather conditions. Sampling time significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) influenced variability in E. coli O157:H7 shedding, whereas herd (P = 0.08) did not. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 shedding in North Dakota steers in fall and early spring was comparable to what has been reported in other parts of the United States with relatively warmer weather. Further research into E. coli O157:H7 shedding patterns during extreme weather such as North Dakota winters is warranted in order to fully assess the seasonal effect on the risk level of this organism.

scholarly journals Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Populations in Cattle by Addition of Colicin E7-Producing E. coli to Feed

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 6053-6060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry P. Schamberger ◽  
Ronald L. Phillips ◽  
Jennifer L. Jacobs ◽  
Francisco Diez-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colicin E7 ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT A cattle trial using artificially inoculated calves was conducted to determine the effect of the addition of colicinogenic Escherichia coli strains capable of producing colicin E7 (a 61-kDa DNase) to feed on the fecal shedding of serotype O157:H7. The experiment was divided into three periods. In period 1, which lasted 24 days, six calves were used as controls, and eight calves received 107 CFU of E. coli (a mixture of eight colicinogenic E. coli strains) per g of feed. Both groups were orally inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains 7 days after the treatment started. In periods 2 and 3, the treatment and control groups were switched, and the colicinogenic E. coli dose was increased 10-fold. During period 3, which lasted as long as period 1, both groups were reinoculated with E. coli O157:H7. The numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were consistently greater in the control groups during the three periods, but comparisons within each time period determined a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference only at day 21 of period 1. However, when the daily average counts were compared between the period 1 control group and the period 3 treatment group that included the same six animals, an overall reduction of 1.1 log10 CFU/g was observed, with a maximum decrease of 1.8 log10 CFU/g at day 21 (overall statistical significance, P = 0.001). Serotype O157:H7 was detected in 44% of the treatment group's intestinal tissue samples and in 64% of those from the control group (P < 0.04). These results indicated that the daily addition of 108 CFU of colicin E7-producing E. coli per gram of feed could reduce the fecal shedding of serotype O157:H7.

Naturally Colonized Beef Cattle Populations Fed Combinations of Yeast Culture and an Ionophore in Finishing Diets Containing Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles Had Similar Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. SWYERS ◽  
B. A. CARLSON ◽  
K. K. NIGHTINGALE ◽  
K. E. BELK ◽  
S. L. ARCHIBEQUE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pfge Typing ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
Water Trough

Beef steers (n = 252) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary supplement on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Seven pens of 9 steers (63 steers per treatment) were fed diets supplemented with or without yeast culture (YC) or monensin (MON) and their combination (YC × MON). YC and MON were offered at 2.8 g/kg and 33 mg/kg of dry matter intake, respectively. Environmental sponge samples (from each pen floor, feed bunk, and water trough) were collected on day 0. Rectal fecal grab samples were collected on days 0, 28, 56, 84, 110, and 125. Samples were collected and pooled by pen and analyzed for presumptive E. coli O157:H7 colonies, which were confirmed by a multiplex PCR assay and characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing. On day 0, E. coli O157:H7 was detected in 7.0% of feed bunk samples and 14.3% of pen floor samples but in none of the water trough samples. The 71.4% prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal samples on day 0 decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) over time. E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding was not associated with dietary treatment (P &gt; 0.05); however, in cattle fed YC and YC × MON fecal shedding was 0% by day 28. Eight XbaI PFGE subtypes were identified, and a predominant subtype and three closely related subtypes (differing by three or fewer bands) accounted for 78.7% of environmental and fecal isolates characterized. Results from this study indicate that feeding YC to cattle may numerically decrease but not eliminate fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 at the onset of treatment and that certain E. coli O157 subtypes found in the feedlot environment may persist in feedlot cattle.

Evaluation of a Direct-Fed Microbial Product Effect on the Prevalence and Load of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feedlot Cattle†

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
TERRANCE M. ARTHUR ◽  
JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC ◽  
NORASAK KALCHAYANAND ◽  
JAMES E. WELLS ◽  
STEVEN D. SHACKELFORD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Subtilis Strain ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbial Product ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antimicrobial Intervention ◽  
And Control

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) have been identified as potential preharvest interventions for the reduction of foodborne bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study evaluated the efficacy of a DFM consisting of Bacillus subtilis strain 166 as an antimicrobial intervention strategy for the reduction of prevalence and load of E. coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides of feedlot cattle. Cattle (n = 526) were divided among 16 feedlot pens. Half of the pens received the DFM, and the other half did not. Hide and fecal samples were collected from each animal on days 28, 63, and 84 of the feeding trial. Over the course of the 84-day feeding period, there were no significant differences observed between treatments for either hide or fecal prevalence of E. coli O157:H7, or for the percentage of animals that were shedding E. coli O157:H7 at high levels (≥200 CFU/g) in their feces or harboring E. coli O157:H7 at high levels (≥40 CFU/cm2) on their hides. In addition, there was no significant difference between the average daily gains for the treated and control groups, with both groups averaging 1.3 kg/day. We concluded that the DFM tested would not be an effective preharvest intervention against E. coli O157:H7.

Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain NP51 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Fecal Shedding and Finishing Performance in Beef Feedlot Cattle†

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. PETERSON ◽  
T. J. KLOPFENSTEIN ◽  
G. E. ERICKSON ◽  
J. FOLMER ◽  
S. HINKLEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
E Coli

A 2-year study was conducted during the summer months (May to September) to test the effectiveness of feeding Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 on the proportion of cattle shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the feces and evaluate the effect of the treatment on finishing performance. Steers (n = 448) were assigned randomly to pens, and pens of cattle were assigned randomly to NP51 supplementation or no supplementation (control). NP51 products were mixed with water and applied as the feed was mixed daily in treatment-designated trucks at the rate of 109 CFU per steer. Fecal samples were collected (n = 3,360) from the rectum from each animal every 3 weeks, and E. coli O157:H7 was isolated by standard procedures, using selective enrichment, immunomagnetic separation, and PCR confirmation. The outcome variable was the recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from feces, and was modeled using logistic regression accounting for year, repeated measures of pens of cattle, and block. No significant differences were detected for gain, intakes, or feed efficiency of control or NP51-fed steers. The probability for cattle to shed E. coli O157:H7 varied significantly between 2002 and 2003 (P = 0.004). In 2002 and 2003, the probability for NP51-treated steers to shed E. coli O157:H7 over the test periods was 13 and 21%, respectively, compared with 21 and 28% among controls. Over the 2 years, NP51-treated steers were 35% less likely to shed E. coli O157: H7 than were steers in untreated pens (odds ratio = 0.58, P = 0.008). This study is consistent with previous reports that feeding NP51 is effective in reducing E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding in feedlot cattle.

Antibiotic Resistance and Hypermutability of Escherichia coli O157 from Feedlot Cattle Treated with Growth-Promoting Agents

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2411-2419 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIGITTE LEFEBVRE ◽  
MOUSSA S. DIARRA ◽  
KARINE GIGUÈRE ◽  
GABRIEL ROY ◽  
SOPHIE MICHAUD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Growth Promoting

In a longitudinal study (165 days), we investigated the effect of growth-promoting agents (monensin and trenbolone acetate–estradiol) and an antibiotic (oxytetracycline) on the incidence in feedlot steers of Escherichia coli O157, including antibiotic-resistant and hypermutable isolates. Eighty steers in 16 pens were treated with eight combinations of promoters, and each treatment was duplicated. Fecal samples were collected at nine different sampling times for detection of E. coli O157. Overall, 50 E. coli O157 isolates were detected in treated animals, and none were found in untreated animals. Compared with untreated controls, there was a significant association between the utilization of growth-promoting agents or antibiotics and the shedding of E. coli O157 at day 137 (P = 0.03), when a prevalence peak was observed and 50% of the isolates were detected. Multiplex PCR assays were conducted for some virulence genes. PCR results indicated that all except one isolate possessed at least the Shiga toxin gene stx2. MICs for 12 antibiotics were determined, and eight oxytetracycline-resistant E. coli O157 strains were identified. Antibiotic-resistant strains were considered a distinct subpopulation of E. coli O157 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. Seven of these antibiotic-resistant strains were isolated early in the study (on or before day 25), and among them two were also hypermutable as determined by rifampin mutation frequencies. The proportion of hypermutable strains among E. coli O157 isolates remained relatively constant throughout the study period. These results indicate that the use of growth-promoting agents and antibiotics in beef production may increase the risk of environmental contamination by E. coli O157.

Fecal Shedding of Foodborne Pathogens by Florida-Born Heifers and Steers in U.S. Beef Production Segments†

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. RILEY ◽  
G. H. LONERAGAN ◽  
W. A. PHILLIPS ◽  
J. T. GRAY ◽  
P. J. FEDORKA-CRAY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Secondary Objective

The objective in this study was to assess breed effects in fecal prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in heifers on a development program in Florida and in their steer half siblings in stocker and feedlot phases in Oklahoma. A secondary objective was to characterize fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in subsets of the same samples. After weaning, heifers (n = 501; purebreds and F1 crosses of Angus, Brahman, and Romosinuano) were preconditioned and placed in a local development program. Steers (n = 481) were transported to Oklahoma, where they grazed wheat for 6 months and then were placed in feedlot pens. Fecal samples were obtained at least every 28 days for 12 months on most animals. None of the 10,982 samples tested positive for E. coli O157:H7. Overall fecal prevalences of Campylobacter and Salmonella in heifers were 1.7 and 0.04%, respectively. Corresponding overall prevalences in steer samples were 27.2 and 0.6%. Campylobacter isolates were mostly C. jejuni and were tetracycline resistant. Eight Salmonella isolates were Salmonella Typhimurium that were either quad or penta resistant, most often to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamexathole, and tetracycline. Feedlot steers had greater odds of positive detection of Campylobacter (odds ratio, 8.5; confidence interval, 3.7, 19.5) than when grazing winter wheat. No breed effect was detected for fecal prevalence of these pathogens.

Influence of β-Agonists (Ractopamine HCl and Zilpaterol HCl) on Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feedlot Cattle†

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 2587-2591 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOM S. EDRINGTON ◽  
RUSSELL L. FARROW ◽  
GUY H. LONERAGAN ◽  
SAM E. IVES ◽  
MICHAEL J. ENGLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rectal Palpation

Ractopamine HCl and zilpaterol HCl, β-agonists recently approved for use in feedlot cattle to improve performance traits and carcass leanness, were examined for their effects on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Fecal samples (n = 2,454) were obtained from four experiments (one ractopamine HCl, three zilpaterol HCl) over the course of a 3-year period, either by rectal palpation (ractopamine HCl experiment) or from pen-floor fecal pats. Samples were cultured quantitatively and qualitatively for E. coli O157:H7. No significant treatment differences were detected for fecal prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in the ractopamine HCl experiment. Zilpaterol HCl feeding had no effect (P &gt; 0.20) on fecal shedding in the first or second experiments, with overall E. coli O157:H7 prevalence relatively low (&lt;7%). In the third zilpaterol HCl experiment, the percentage of fecal samples that were E. coli O157:H7 positive following qualitative culture was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the zilpaterol HCl treatment (10.3%) than for the control (6.1%). The current research showed minimal effects of β-agonists on fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 and indicated that these compounds (fed immediately prior to slaughter) are not a cause for concern from a food safety standpoint.

Efficacy of Dose Regimen and Observation of Herd Immunity from a Vaccine against Escherichia coli O157:H7 for Feedlot Cattle†

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2561-2567 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. PETERSON ◽  
T. J. KLOPFENSTEIN ◽  
R. A. MOXLEY ◽  
G. E. ERICKSON ◽  
S. HINKLEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
External Control ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Vaccine Product

A clinical trial was conducted to test the effect of a vaccine product containing type III secreted proteins of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the probability that feedlot steers shed E. coli O157:H7 in feces. Six hundred eight same-source steers were utilized. Of these, 480 steers were assigned randomly to 60 pens (eight head per pen) and to one of four vaccination treatments (120 cattle per treatment, two head per treatment per pen). The four treatments were (i) no vaccination; (ii) one dose, vaccinated once at reimplant (day 42); (iii) two doses, vaccinated on arrival (day 0) and again at reimplant (day 42); and (iv) three doses, vaccinated on arrival (day 0), on day 21, and again at reimplant (day 42). The remaining 128 steers were assigned randomly to 12 pens within the same feedlot to serve as unvaccinated external controls. The probability of detecting E. coli O157:H7 among cattle receiving different doses of vaccine was compared with that of unvaccinated external control cattle, accounting for clustering by repeated measures, block, and pen and fixed effects of vaccine, corn product, and test period. Vaccine efficacy of receiving one, two, and three doses of vaccine was 68, 66, and 73%, respectively, compared with cattle in pens not receiving vaccine. Cattle receiving three doses of vaccine were significantly less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than unvaccinated cattle within the same pen. Unvaccinated cattle housed with vaccinated cattle were 59% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than cattle in pens not receiving vaccine, likely because they benefited from herd immunity. This study supports the hypothesis that vaccination with this vaccine product effectively reduces the probability for cattle to shed E. coli O157:H7. There was no indication that the vaccine affected performance or carcass quality. In addition, we found that vaccinating a majority of cattle within a pen offered a significant protective effect (herd immunity) to unvaccinated cattle within the same pen.

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