Differential Survival of Generic E. coli and Listeria spp. in Northeastern U.S. Soils Amended with Dairy Manure Compost, Poultry Litter Compost, and Heat-Treated Poultry Pellets and Fate in Raw Edible Radish Crops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Limoges ◽  
Deborah A. Neher ◽  
Thomas R. Weicht ◽  
Patricia D. Millner ◽  
Manan Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Heat Treated

Composted or heat-treated Biological Soil Amendments of Animal Origin (BSAAO) can be added to soils to provide nutrients for fresh produce. These products lower the risk of pathogen contamination of fresh produce when compared with use of untreated BSAAO; however, meteorological conditions, geographic location, and soil properties can influence the presence of pathogenic bacteria, or their indicators (e.g., generic E. coli) and allow potential for produce contamination. Replicated field plots of loamy or sandy soils were tilled and amended with dairy manure compost (DMC), poultry litter compost (PLC), or no compost (NoC) over two different field seasons, and non-composted heat-treated poultry pellets (HTPP) during the second field season. Plots were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of rifampicin-resistant E. coli (rE.coli) at levels of 8.7 log CFU/m2. Direct plating and most probable number (MPN) methods measured the persistence of rE.coli and Listeria spp. in plots through 104 days post-inoculation. Greater survival of rE. coli was observed in PLC plots in comparison to DMC plots and NoC plots during year 1 (P < 0.05). Similar trends were observed for year 2, where rE. coli survival was also greater in HTPP amended plots (P < 0.05). Survival of rE. coli was dependent on soil type, where water potential and temperature were significant covariables. Listeria spp. were found in NoC plots, but not in plots amended with HTPP, PLC or DMC. Radish data demonstrate that PLC treatment promoted the greatest level of rE.coli translocation when compared to DMC and NoC treatments (P  < 0.05). These results are consistent with findings from studies conducted in other regions of the US and informs Northeast produce growers that composted and non-composted poultry-based BSAAO supports greater survival of rE. coli in field soils. This result has the potential to impact the food safety risk of edible produce grown in BSAAO amended soils as a result of pathogen contamination.

Prevalence, Concentration, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Florida Poultry Litter

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 2179-2186
Author(s):  
ALAN GUTIERREZ ◽  
JAYSANKAR DE ◽  
KEITH R. SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number

ABSTRACT For over a decade, Salmonella contamination has increasingly led to outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with fresh produce. The use of untreated animal manures, or biological soil amendments of animal origin, to amend agricultural soils holds a risk of contamination from foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, concentration, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella in poultry litter from Florida farms. Litter pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus (P2O5), total potassium (K2O), moisture content, total solids, total ash, organic matter, and aerobic plate count (APC) were also measured. Litter samples (n = 54) were collected from 18 broiler farms across three seasons (spring, summer, and winter). Salmonella concentrations were enumerated using a most-probable-number (MPN) method, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. The prevalence of Salmonella in litter samples was 61.1%, with a geometric mean of 0.21 ± 20.7 MPN/g. Across all seasons, Salmonella concentrations were not influenced by the chemical, physical, or microbial properties measured. Recovered Salmonella isolates (n = 290) were grouped into serogroups O:4 (43.1%), O:7 (26.9%), O:8 (11.0%), O:1,3,10,19 (7.9%), and O:9,46 (7.2%). Serotyping Salmonella isolates (n = 47) resulted in 12 serotypes, with the most common being Typhimurium (27.7%), Kentucky (17.0%), Enteritidis (14.9%), and Mbandaka (14.9%). Antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline (29.8%), sulfisoxazole (23.4%), and streptomycin (14.9%) was observed. No isolates were resistant to more than two antimicrobial agents. This study provides valuable information for future risk assessments for the use of poultry litter as an untreated biological soil amendment of animal origin. HIGHLIGHTS

Salmonella and Escherichia coli Prevalence in Meat and Produce Sold at Farmers' Markets in Northern California

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934-1940
Author(s):  
ALDA F. A. PIRES ◽  
JAMES STOVER ◽  
ESTHER KUKIELKA ◽  
VIKTORIA HAGHANI ◽  
PEIMAN AMINABADI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT As the number of farmers' markets and other direct-to-consumer marketing channels increases, it is crucial to understand the potential risks associated with consuming directly marketed animal products and fresh produce. The overall aim of this project was to assess the prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in animal products and produce sold at farmers' markets in Northern California and to evaluate the food safety risks associated with consuming meat (e.g., beef, pork, and poultry) and fresh produce purchased from farmers' markets. Animal products and produce were purchased from a total of 44 certified farmers' markets in Northern California. Salmonella was found in 6 (1.8%) of 338 animal products and in 0 (0%) of 128 produce samples; E. coli was found in 40 (31.3%) of 128 fresh produce samples. E. coli concentration in produce ranged from 0 to 2.96, with an overall average of 0.13 log (most probable number + 1)/100 mL. Salmonella isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and tetracycline. The results from this study highlight the need for further training on mitigation strategies to reduce contamination of animal products and fresh produce by foodborne pathogens. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals A Microbiological Survey of Selected Alberta-Grown Fresh Produce from Farmers' Markets in Alberta, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. BOHAYCHUK ◽  
R. W. BRADBURY ◽  
R. DIMOCK ◽  
M. FEHR ◽  
G. E. GENSLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Public Markets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Previously there was no available information on the levels of indicator bacteria and the prevalence of pathogens in fresh produce grown in Alberta, Canada. Baseline information on the occurrence and levels of Escherichia coli and the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in selected produce items available to consumers from farmers' and public markets in two large urban centers and surrounding areas in Alberta was obtained. A total of 10 large markets with between 1 and 12 produce vendors and 26 small markets with between 1 and 6 produce vendors were sampled from 21 June to 7 October 2007. Lettuce (128 samples), spinach (59 samples), tomatoes (120 samples), carrots (206 samples), green onions (129 samples), and strawberries (31 samples) were analyzed for E. coli, Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter spp. Lettuce, spinach, green onion, and strawberry samples were also tested for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. Information on whether produce was grown using organic or conventional practices was obtained from the produce vendors. E. coli was isolated from 8.2% of the samples that included lettuce, spinach, carrots, and green onions. The bacterial counts ranged from <0.48 to >3.04 Log most probable number per g. E. coli was not isolated from tomatoes or strawberries. The percentage of positive samples ranged from 4.4% for carrots to 27.1% for spinach. Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter spp. were not isolated from any of the samples. Cryptosporidium was identified by PCR in one sample of spinach (0.6% of the samples).

scholarly journals Temporal and Agricultural Factors Influence Escherichia coli Survival in Soil and Transfer to Cucumbers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpinder K. Litt ◽  
Alyssa Kelly ◽  
Alexis Omar ◽  
Gordon Johnson ◽  
Bryan T. Vinyard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Survival Duration ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Heat Treated

Biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) increase nutrient levels in soils to support production of fruits and vegetables. BSAAOs may introduce or extend survival of bacterial pathogens which can transfer to fruits and vegetables to cause foodborne illness. Escherichia coli survival over 120 days in soil plots (3m2) covered with (mulched) or without plastic mulch (not mulched), amended with either poultry litter, composted poultry litter, heat treated poultry pellets, or chemical fertilizer and transfer to cucumbers in two years (2018, 2019) was evaluated. Plots were inoculated with E. coli (8.5 log CFU/m2) and planted with cucumber seedlings (Supremo). The number of days (d) needed to reduce E. coli levels by 4 log CFU (dpi4log) was determined using a sigmoidal decline model. RandomForest regression and one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) identified predictors (soil properties and nutrients, weather factors) of dpi4log of E. coli and transfer to cucumbers. The combination of year, amendment and mulch (25.0%IncMSE) and year (9.75%IncMSE) were the most prominent predictors of dpi4log and transfer to cucumbers, respectively. Nitrate levels at 30d and soil moisture at 40d were also impactful predictors of dpi4log. Differing rainfall amounts in 2018 (24.9 in) and 2019 (12.6 in) affected E. coli survival in soils and transfer to cucumbers. Salmonella spp. were recovered sporadically from various plots, but were not recovered from cucumbers in either year. Greater transfer of E. coli to cucumbers was also shown to be partially dependent on dpi4log of E. coli in plots containing BSAAO. IMPORTANCE Poultry litter and other biological soil amendments are commonly used fertilizers in fruit and vegetable production and can introduce enteric pathogens like E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella previously associated with outbreaks of illness linked to contaminated produce. E. coli survival duration in soils covered with plastic mulch or uncovered and containing poultry litter, heat-treated poultry litter pellets were evaluated. Nitrate levels on day 30 and moisture content in soils on day 40 on specific days were good predictors of E. coli survival in soils; however, knowledge of the combination of year, amendment and mulch type was a better predictor. Different cumulative rainfall totals from year to year most likely affected the transfer of E. coli from soils to cucumbers and survival durations in soil. E. coli survival in soils can be extended by the addition of several poultry litter based soil amendments commonly used in organic production of fruits and vegetables and is highly dependent on temporal variation in rainfall.

scholarly journals Lessons from a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infections: insights into the infectious dose and method of widespread contamination of hamburger patties

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. TUTTLE ◽  
T. GOMEZ ◽  
M. P. DOYLE ◽  
J. G. WELLS ◽  
T. ZHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Patties ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Microbiological Testing

Between November 1992 and February 1993, a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infections occurred in the western USA and was associated with eating ground beef patties at restaurants of one fast-food chain. Restaurants that were epidemiologically linked with cases served patties produced on two consecutive dates; cultures of recalled ground beef patties produced on those dates yielded E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 strains indistinguishable from those isolated from patients, confirming the vehicle of illness. Seventy-six ground beef patty samples were cultured quantitatively for E. coli O157[ratio ]H7. The median most probable number of organisms was 1·5 per gram (range, <0·3–15) or 67·5 organisms per patty (range, <13·5–675). Correlation of the presence of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 with other bacterial indicators yielded a significant association between coliform count and the presence of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 (P=0·04). A meat traceback to investigate possible sources of contamination revealed cattle were probably initially colonized with E. coli O157[ratio ]H7, and that their slaughter caused surface contamination of meat, which once combined with meat from other sources, resulted in a large number of contaminated ground beef patties. Microbiological testing of meat from lots consumed by persons who became ill was suggestive of an infectious dose for E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 of fewer than 700 organisms. These findings present a strong argument for enforcing zero tolerance for this organism in processed food and for markedly decreasing contamination of raw ground beef. Process controls that incorporate microbiological testing of meat may assist these efforts.

scholarly journals Mechanically Ventilated Broiler Sheds: a Possible Source of Aerosolized Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (23) ◽  
pp. 7417-7425 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Chinivasagam ◽  
T. Tran ◽  
L. Maddock ◽  
A. Gale ◽  
P. J. Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
The Public ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT This study assessed the levels of two key pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter, along with the indicator organism Escherichia coli in aerosols within and outside poultry sheds. The study ranged over a 3-year period on four poultry farms and consisted of six trials across the boiler production cycle of around 55 days. Weekly testing of litter and aerosols was carried out through the cycle. A key point that emerged is that the levels of airborne bacteria are linked to the levels of these bacteria in litter. This hypothesis was demonstrated by E. coli. The typical levels of E. coli in litter were ∼108 CFU g−1 and, as a consequence, were in the range of 102 to 104 CFU m−3 in aerosols, both inside and outside the shed. The external levels were always lower than the internal levels. Salmonella was only present intermittently in litter and at lower levels (103 to 105 most probable number [MPN] g−1) and consequently present only intermittently and at low levels in air inside (range of 0.65 to 4.4 MPN m−3) and once outside (2.3 MPN m−3). The Salmonella serovars isolated in litter were generally also isolated from aerosols and dust, with the Salmonella serovars Chester and Sofia being the dominant serovars across these interfaces. Campylobacter was detected late in the production cycle, in litter at levels of around 107 MPN g−1. Campylobacter was detected only once inside the shed and then at low levels of 2.2 MPN m−3. Thus, the public health risk from these organisms in poultry environments via the aerosol pathway is minimal.

Reduction of Microorganisms on Citrus Fruit Surfaces during Packinghouse Processing

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 903-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN PAO ◽  
G. ELDON BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Test Organism ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
High Level ◽  
Inoculation Study ◽  
Fruit Surface

Citrus fruit surface microbial populations were evaluated following various packingline processes of seven Florida commercial packinghouses. At each packinghouse, six fruits (oranges or tangerines) were collected at each of four sampling points. The sampling was conducted in duplicate; thus, 336 fruit were evaluated during this survey. Average aerobic plate counts and yeast and mold counts on fruit surfaces before washing were about 4.0 log CFU/cm2 and 3.3 log CFU/cm2, respectively, and were reduced to 2.1 log CFU/cm2 and 1.3 log CFU/cm2, respectively, by packinghouse processing. Waxing alone reduced the average fruit surface aerobic plate counts and coliform counts from 3.7 log CFU/cm2 and 35.2 most probable number (MPN)/cm2, respectively, to 2.6 log CFU/cm2 and 1.4 MPN/cm2. No Escherichia coli was recovered from fruit at the end of packinghouse processing, and no salmonellae were found on fruit during the entire processing. In an inoculation study to test the effect of packinghouse processes, test organism E. coli was applied to fruit to achieve a high level (4.8 log CFU/cm2) of contamination. The average E. coli count was reduced about 2.4 log cycles by washing and rinsing with potable water (40 psi, 25 °C) for about 30 s. The combination of washing and waxing significantly reduced the inoculated level of E. coli from 4.8 to 1.4 log CFU/cm2.

scholarly journals GREEN SYNTHESIS OF MAGNETIC IRON NANOPARTICLES USING MEDICINAL PLANT TRIDAX PROCUMBENS LEAF EXTRACTS AND ITS APPLICATION AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT AGAINST E. COLI

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
YOJANA Y. PATIL ◽  
VAISHNVI B. SUTAR ◽  
ARPITA P. TIWARI
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Iron Nanoparticles ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tridax Procumbens ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria

Objective: The present study was aimed at the biological synthesis of magnetic iron nanoparticles by using the plant extract of Tridax procumbens and also to study their antimicrobial property against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Methods: The synthesis of magnetic iron nanoparticles was carried out by the co-precipitation method using biological methods like plant extract as reducing agent and capping agents are biocompatible and non-hazardous. These nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). As well as antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was carried out by agar well diffusion method and Most Probable Number (MPN) method against gram-negative E. coli (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Results: The average crystallite size of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) was found to be 72 nm by X-ray diffraction. The optical absorption band at wavelengths of 240 nm and 402 nm was obtained from the UV Visible spectrum. Spherical shape morphology was observed in SEM studies. The antibacterial assay clearly expressed that E. coli showed a maximum zone of inhibition (15±0.15 mm) at 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml concentration was found for Magnetic Nanoparticles. In the Most Probable Number (MPN) test it is seen that the bacterial count is reduced after adding synthesized NPs into the water sample. Conclusion: The results of the present study conclude that the Magnetic Nanoparticles synthesized using Tridax procumbens leaf extracts is found to be stable and show good antibacterial activity against gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Drin Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Drink from Different Food Premises in Kota Samarahan Sarawak

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. a13-19
Author(s):  
ELEXSON NILLIAN ◽  
AMIZA NUR ◽  
DIYANA NUR ◽  
AMIRAH ZAKIRAH ◽  
GRACE BEBEY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Stx1 Gene

Contamination of drinks with E. coli O157:H7 served in food premises such as restaurants can cause haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome to humans. The presence or absence of faecal pathogen was demonstrated using coliform group as indicator microorganisms. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in drinking water from food restaurant premise in Kota Samarahan and Kuching to ensure safe and potable drinking water is served to the consumer. A total of thirty (n=30) drink samples including six types of each of the samples are cold plain water, iced tea, iced milo, syrup and iced milk tea. Most Probable Number (MPN) procedure was used in this study to enumerate the MPN values of coliform bacteria in each drink collected. A total of 53.33% (16/30) of the drink samples showed positive E. coli detection. Then, the PCR assay showed 6.25% (one out of 16 isolates) samples were positive and carried stx1 gene produced by E. coli O157:H7 in iced milo sample types. This study showed the drinks collected from food premises was contaminated with faecal contamination, which was not safe to drink by the consumer. Therefore, preventive actions should be taken to prevent foodborne illness outbreak in future

scholarly journals Managing pollutant inputs from pastoral dairy farming to maintain water quality of a lake in a high-rainfall catchment

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Wilcock ◽  
Ross M. Monaghan ◽  
Richard W. McDowell ◽  
Piet Verburg ◽  
Jonny Horrox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stream Water ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Storm Flow ◽  
Outlet Flow

A study (2004–11) of a dairy catchment stream entering an oligotrophic lake in an area of very high rainfall (~5 m year–1) yielded median concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), suspended sediment (SS) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) of 0.584, 0.074 and 3.7 g m–3, and 405/100 mL (most probable number method), respectively. Trend analysis indicated significant (P < 0.01) decreases for TN (–0.08 ± 0.02 g m–3 year–1), TP (–0.01 ± 0.005 g m–3 year–1) and SS (–0.45 ± 0.14 g m–3 year–1) and were partly attributable to improved exclusion of cattle from the stream. Water balance calculations indicated that approximately one-half the rainfall left as deep drainage that by-passed catchment outlet flow recorders. Estimates of catchment yields for TN were improved by taking into account groundwater hydrology and concentrations from well samples. Storm-flow monitoring inflows exceeding the 97.5th percentile contributed ~40% of total loads leaving the catchment so that specific yields for SS, TN and TP augmented by groundwater inputs and storm flows were ~960, 45 and 7 kg ha–1 year–1, respectively. These compared well with modelled results for losses from dairy farms in the catchment of 40–60 kg N ha–1 year–1 and 5–6 kg P ha–1 year–1 and indicated that attenuation losses were relatively small.

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