Buddhism, Mādhyamika: India and Tibet

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie S. Kawamura
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Middle Period ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mahayana Buddhist

Madhyamaka (‘the Middle Doctrine’) Buddhism was one of two Mahāyāna Buddhist schools, the other being Yogācāra, that developed in India between the first and fourth centuries ad. The Mādhyamikas derived the name of their school from the Middle Path (madhyamapratipad) doctrine expounded by the historical Siddhārtha, prince of the Śākya clan, when he gained the status of a buddha, enlightenment. The Madhyamaka, developed by the second-century philosopher Nāgārjuna on the basis of a class of sūtras known as the Prajñāpāramitā (‘Perfection of Wisdom’), can be seen in his foundational Mūlamadhyamakakārikā(Fundamental Central Way Verses). Therein he expounds the central Buddhist doctrines of the Middle Path in terms of interdependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda), conventional language (prajñapti), no-self nature (niḥsvabhāva) and voidness (śūnyatā). He grants that the dharma taught by the enlightened ones is dependent upon two realities (dve satye samupāśritya) – the conventional reality of the world (lokasaṃvṛtisatyam) and reality as the ultimate (satyam paramārthataḥ). Although voidness is central to Madhyamaka, we are warned against converting śūnyatā into yet another ‘ism’. Historically, Madhyamaka in India comprises three periods – the early period (second to fifth century), represented by the activities of Nāgārjuna, Āryadeva and Rāhulabhadra; the middle period (fifth to seventh century) exemplified by Buddhapālita and Bhāvaviveka (founders respectively of the *Prāsaṅgika and *Svātantrika schools of Madhyamaka), and Candrakīrti; and the later period (eighth to eleventh century), which includes Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla, who fused the ideas found in the Madhyamaka and Yogācāra systems. Many of the Indian Madhyamaka scholars of the later period contributed to Madhyamaka developments in Tibet.

Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 197-216
Author(s):  
Michael Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Classical Scholarship ◽  
The World ◽  
Birth Of Tragedy ◽  
Tragic Drama ◽  
Good And Evil

Although Nietzsche's greatness is recognized more universally now than ever before, the nature of that greatness is still widely misunderstood, and that unfortunately means that before I discuss any of Beyond Good and Evil (henceforth BGE) in any detail, I must make some general remarks about his work, his development and the kind of way in which I think that it is best to read him. Unlike any of the other philosophers that this series includes, except Marx and Engels, Nietzsche is very much concerned to address his contemporaries, because he was aware of a specific historical predicament, one which he would only see as having worsened in ways which he predicted with astonishing precision in the century since he wrote his great series of works. For he was above all a philosopher of culture, which is to say that his primary concern was always with the forces that determine the nature of a particular civilization, and with the possibilities of achievement which that civilization consequently had open to it. One of the reasons that The Birth of Tragedy, his first book, published when he was twenty-eight, created such a surge of hostility in the world of classical scholarship was that in it, whilst undertaking an investigation of what made possible the achievements of fifth century BC Greece in tragic drama, he felt it necessary to elicit the whole set of fundamental beliefs which the Greeks shared, and also to draw metaphysical conclusions from the fact that they were able to experience life in such a way that they needed great tragedies in order to endure it.

Danebury, Hampshire: Second Interim Report on the Excavations 1971–5

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Cunliffe
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Religious Nature ◽  
Continuous Strip

SummaryThe results of five seasons of excavation (1971–5) are summarized. A continuous strip 30–40 m. wide extending across the centre of the fort from one side to the other was completely excavated revealing pits, gullies, circular stake-built houses, rectangular buildings, and 2-, 4-, and 6-post structures, belonging to the period from the sixth to the end of the second century B.C. The types of structures are discussed. A sequence of development, based largely upon the stratification preserved behind the ramparts, is presented: in the sixth–fifth century the hill was occupied by small four-post ‘granaries’ possibly enclosed by a palisade. The first hill-fort rampart was built in the fifth century protecting houses, an area of storage pits, and a zone of 4-and 6-post buildings laid out in rows along streets. The rampart was heightened in the third century, after which pits continued to be dug and rows of circular houses were built. About 100 B.C. rectangular buildings, possibly of a religious nature, were erected, after which the site was virtually abandoned. Social and economic matters are considered. The excavation will continue.

scholarly journals The status of the Hungarian Merino sheep breed compared to the other merino breeds

2016 ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
Mária Szabó ◽  
Szilvia Kusza ◽  
István Csízi ◽  
István Monori
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Sheep Breed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Over Time

Merino and Merino-derived sheep breeds have been widely known and distributed across the world, both as purebred and admixed populations. They represent a diverse genetic resource which over time has been used as the basis for the development of new breeds. In spite of this, their gene-pool potential is still unexplored. The Merino sheep represent the most important sheep resource of the Hungarian husbandry. It has the largest amount of individuals between both of the stock and commercial flocks. But in Europe the Merino stocks went through a drastic reduction in number. Thus these breeds became endangered in several countries as well as in Hungary. In this study we would like to present the recent status of different Merino breeds of the world to ground our further phylogenetic research with the Hungarian Merino breed.

Hawthorne on Romantic Love and the Status of Women

PMLA ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Morton Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Love ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hester Prynne ◽  
Status Of Women

The women that Hawthorne created divide rather neatly into three groups. Such fragile creatures as Alice Pyncheon and Priscilla, who are easily dominated by other personalities, form one of these groups. Another is made up of bright, self-reliant, and wholesome girls, such as Ellen Langton, Phoebe, and Hilda. The third consists of women whose beauty, intellect, and strength of will raise them to heroic proportions and make them fit subjects for tragedy. Hester Prynne, Zenobia, and Miriam—these women are capable of tilting with the world and risking their souls on the outcome. With them in particular Hawthorne raises and answers the question of the proper status of women in society and the relation, whether subordinate or superior, that love should bear to the other demands that life makes upon the individual. With the other types Hawthorne fills out his response to that question.

How much is global governance changing? The G20 as international practice

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F Cooper ◽  
Vincent Pouliot
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The One ◽  
Rules Of The Game

Is the G20 transforming global governance, or does it reinforce the status quo? In this article we argue that as innovative as some diplomatic practices of the G20 may be, we should not overstate their potential impact. More specifically, we show that G20 diplomacy often reproduces many oligarchic tendencies in global governance, while also relaxing club dynamics in some ways. On the one hand, the G20 has more inductees who operate along new rules of the game and under a new multilateral ethos of difference. But, on the other hand, the G20 still comprises self-appointed rulers, with arbitrary rules of membership and many processes of cooption and discipline. In overall terms, approaching G20 diplomacy from a practice perspective not only provides us with the necessary analytical granularity to tell the old from the new, it also sheds different light on the dialectics of stability and change on the world stage. Practices are processes and as such they are always subject to evolutionary change. However, because of their structuring effects, diplomatic practices also tend to inhibit global transformation and reproduce the existing order.

scholarly journals “Health of the World”: The Symbolic Associations of Trees in Eleventh-Century England, in the Context of Landscape

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ruten
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Christian Conversion ◽  
Conversion Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Demand For Health

The Christianization of Anglo-­Saxon England in the seventh century CE was a momentous period of religious change which had many far­‐reaching effects. Anglo-­Saxon paganism had attached a set of sacred and symbolic meanings to various natural features in the English landscape. In this belief system, trees and groves were strongly associated with healing and defensive powers. This paper will argue that due to the persistent presence of once-­sacred trees and groves in the English landscape, combined with a continually widespread demand for health remedies, the pre-Christian associations of trees with healing and defense in England were not easily forgotten after the conversion period and in fact continued throughout the eleventh century. However, these pre-­Christian symbolic associations were effectively subsumed within the hegemony of a Christian ideological framework. A continual, bidirectional alignment of these symbolic associations of trees with elements of Christian symbolism, namely that of Paradise and that of the Cross, served to explain and legitimize their syncretic continuation within this Christian framework. These insights invite us to appreciate some of the complexity of the syncretism that occurred during the period of Christian conversion in Anglo-­‐Saxon England. They also invite us to further contemplate some of the lasting effects of this gradual syncretic process.

scholarly journals Great Saying اِنَّمَا بُعِثتُ مُعَلِمًاand Status of Teachers in Muslim Countries: A Comparative Study of Past and Present for Future Improvement

rahatulquloob ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Dr. Syed Aftab Alam
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Status ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
White Skin ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
The Status

The Divine teachings of Islam are proved as reliable and eternal by advanced scientific researches. The first revelation of Islam is logically asserted the importance of knowledge acquisition. Prophet Muhammad PBUH proud to be a teacher rather than to be the Last Prophet, Mercy for all Universes, only Returner of heavens, First Governor of Islamic State or Ever Conqueror of Wars, etc. Islam said that there is no any distinction among human beings on the basis of being an Arab or a non-Arab, not on black or white skin color, not due to the status of tribe but a scholar has a great potential of knowledge. It can be proved through the study of history that whenever a society gave a high status to their scholars and teachers, it got respectably high status among the other nations of the world. This phenomenon is also ascertained accurate among the present societies of the world again. This article revolves around the evidences of best days of Muslims till present downfall and the status of teachers in those & present Muslim societies. Resultantly, it is concluded that if any country give high status to their teachers, it will achieve the high status among the world.

scholarly journals Global Middle Ages ou as virtudes do anacronismo. A lição do texto medieval

2019 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
pp. 117-149
Author(s):  
Carlos Carreto
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literature Mapping ◽  
History Of Literature

Has the Middle Ages invented globalization or revealed a clear consciousness of globality? On the other hand, may this anachronistic notion prove to be an appropriate and productive operative and analytical concept for rethinking medieval literature beyond its territorial and linguistic boundaries and the epistemological view of the world imposed by a (neo)positivist conception of the history of literature? Mapping the medieval literature in a global perspective implies a methodological repositioning and a process of deterritorialization of the concepts themselves that leads us to reinvest motives, forms, structuring notions (from the chivalric queste to the concept of romance as translatio, passing through the status of the marvelous) with new meanings and, consequently, new cultural and poetic implications.

scholarly journals COVID-19 testing in India in comparison to the rest of the world. If Indian testing strategy was replicated in the other top 15 COVID-19 affected countries in the world, the status would be startlingly different

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 107-109
Author(s):  
Purvish M. Parikh ◽  
Ajay Bapna ◽  
M. Vamshi Krishna ◽  
Prashant Mehta ◽  
Shyam Aggarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Better Than

In terms of the absolute number of COVID-19 positive cases, India is among the top four countries in the world. There is a lot of unwarranted criticism about the alleged inadequacy of COVID-19 testing in India. The facts available from international and publicly available online non-government source covering the entire world show otherwise. While India is fourth in terms of an absolute number of cases, its rank is 132nd in terms of cases per million population and 107th for deaths per million population. These are indications that India is doing much better in the battle against COVID-19 than it is getting credit for. The correct benchmark for the adequacy of testing is the percentage of COVID-19 positive results as compared to the total number of tests performed. India ranks 5th (out of 215) in this respect – being better than some western countries such as the USA, Spain, and France. Thus, the Indian strategy for COVID-19 testing is better and more appropriate than the majority of other countries with the large absolute number of positive cases.

scholarly journals Covid 19 Impact on Food Crop Agriculture in East Java Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-319
Author(s):  
Nugrahini Susantinah Wisnujati ◽  
Endang Noerhartati
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extension Agents ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
The World ◽  
Corn Products ◽  
The Status ◽  
Crop Agriculture ◽  
Village Government

Agriculture in Indonesia, one of which is food crop agriculture, food crops are dominated by rice and corn products. Indonesia, which was previously known as the most significant food-producing country in the world, is currently experiencing a shift, where Indonesia's rice production has decreased compared to China. The condition of Indonesia's rice and corn production in the world will have an impact on the status of rice and corn in Indonesia, especially in East Java, East Java is a region that has the potential to produce rice and corn compared to the other area in Indonesia, on the other hand, because of Indonesia's demand for rice and corn large enough. The occurrence of COVID 19 has an impact on all aspects of the world and all sectors, one of which is food crops, how the effects of COVID 19 on food crop agriculture in East Java, the results of the study are the behavior of farmers in East Java relatively no difference before the occurrence of COVID 19 and after COVID 19, farmers still work as usual. Rice supply at the level of the farmer community is still sufficient because farmers have harvested a month in March 2020. In Bangkalan Madura the village government has the  policy to carry out the harvest by renting harvest tools to anticipate COVID 19, while in Gresik and Lamongan areas farmers continue to do the harvest without assistance harvester. The role of advisory counselors is needed by farmers, this is because extension agents can become counselors of the COVID 19 problem in the community during a pandemic like this, and this is in line with research (Adawiyah, Sumardjo, and Mulyani 2018) that farmers' facilitators influence the adoption of new technologies. With the COVID 19 outbreak, the brothers of the farmers returned home because of the culture of going back or also because the factories, shops, restaurants where they work have been close, this is a burden for farmers.

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