Studies on virus diseases of papaya (carica papaya) in Puerto Rico I. Transmission of papaya mosaic

1969 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-256
Author(s):  
José Adsuar
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Type B ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Dark Green

A mosaic disease of papaya is reported; characterized by stunting, with accompanying reduction in size of internodes, leaves and petioles, oily spots on stem and petioles, marked mottling and distortion of leaves, uninterrupted latex flow, and dark-green to brown rings on fruits. The disease is transmitted by pin puncture, rubbing with carborundum and stem grafting. The similarities and differences in symptomatology between this disease and others of similar nature reported from other parts of the world, are presented. The disease is, however, believed to be closely related to, if not identical with, the mosaic type "B" from Cuba.

scholarly journals Performance of the Solo Papaya (Carica papaya L.) in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-251
Author(s):  
T. Singh-Dhaliwal ◽  
A. Pérez-López ◽  
J. López-García
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Good Taste ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
The Common

The Solo papaya (Carica papaya L.), which is the common commercial papaya in Hawaii, was introduced into Puerto Rico. Its performance was studied at the Fortuna and Isabela Agricultural Experiment Substations of this Station. The plantings comprised hermaphrodite and female trees. No tree of male form appeared. The trees started bearing fruits at a height of little more than 5 feet. When about a year old the average number of fruits per tree was 14.15, of which 2.53 were misshapen. The average weight of the fruits was 0.94 pounds; length, 5.21 inches; girth, 10.97 inches; and thickness of flesh, 1.27 inches. The color of the flesh of most of the fruits was yellow and they had good taste and flavor. The female trees were less productive than the hermaphrodite trees, but had fewer misshapen fruits. The fruits from female trees were relatively heavier and roundish in shape. By the end of 1 year in the field all the trees became severely infected with virus diseases, the south-coast mosaic and bunchy top, and stopped growing and bearing. On the basis of the present study the Solo papaya is not recommended for large-scale commercial production in Puerto Rico. However, interested fruit growers may test its performance on their farms by establishing small plantings.

scholarly journals Studies on virus diseases of papaya (carica papaya) in Puerto Rico III. Property studies of papaya mosaic viruss

1969 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-264
Author(s):  
José Adsuar
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Minute Exposure ◽  
Papaya Mosaic Virus

The physical properties of papaya mosaic virus are reported. The virus is inactivated by a 10-minute exposure at 60°C. No infection was obtained when juice was diluted up to 1:1000. The virus was completely inactivated in 48 hours at room temperature. Filterability was accomplished but with difficulty through a Seitz germicide filter. The virus was found to lose its infectivity in the leaves when air dried for 48 hours. Aphis spiraeeola Patch retained the virus the first 3 hours but failed to infect a second lot of plants after that time.

scholarly journals Studies on virus diseases of papaya (carica papaya) in Puerto Rico II. Transmission of papaya mosaic by green citrus aphid, (aphis spiraecola patch)

1969 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-259
Author(s):  
José Adsuar
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Aphis Spiraecola ◽  
Citrus Leaves

Positive transmissions were obtained in 15 out of 33 plants subjected to the action of A. spiraecola Patch fed on diseased papaya leaves for periods of time varying from 8 min. to 1 hour. Both nymphs and winged adults transmitted the disease with equal ease. All controls remained healthy. The evidence seems to indicate that the aphids are avirulent while on the citrus leaves and that if they are instrumental in the propagation of the disease in the field, they must acquire the virus later during their migration. Further work is still needed to elucidate, among other things, whether A. spiraecola Patch is the only vector involved, when and where it become infectious, modes and seasons of migration to papaya plantations, retention of virus by the insect, etc.

COMPARATIVE METHOD IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: BETWEEN PRESUMPTIONS OF SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-113
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRA A. TROITSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The two main approaches to the use of the comparative method in legal research, functional and cultural, have some "predetermined" considerations regarding the results that will (or should) be discovered by comparing various legal phenomena — should the emphasis be on similarities or differences between these phenomena. These considerations are based on the vision of, respectively, the universal or pluralistic nature of law of various societies, and in fact they are able to correct substantially the process of cognition of legal phenomena using the comparative method, adjusting it to the desired result. In the case of similarities, we can talk about artificially narrowing the circle of countries under investigation. In the case of differences, the isolation of systems and the uniqueness of their cultural characteristics are unreasonably exaggerated. The alternative assumptions presented in the theory of comparative law regarding the existence of universal principles of law or the fundamental uniqueness of each legal system require a critical rethinking of constitutional provisions and practice in comparative studies. The use of the comparative method in constitutional law is not reducible to the implementation of the ideas of political philosophy, and objective conclusions should not be replaced by predetermined normative guidelines. The similarities and differences revealed by the researcher of constitutional ideas, norms and practices can be considered as a result of comparison of independent value.Constitutional law is associated with a variety of substantial constructs existing in the world, not excluding, however, their intercommunication. Understanding these constructions requires attention to both the similarities and the differences in specific legal orders (as well as the reasons for their functioning in this, and not another form). The use of the comparative method in the absence of striving for predetermined results is simultaneously aimed at understanding the laws of development of constitutional institutions and maintaining the horizon of their diversity as an important component of this development. Each time, the researcher should distance himself from his prejudices regarding the similarities or differences between the institutes under study, rechecking whether the obtained results are really the results of applying the comparative method, and not the initial constructions.The logic of a comparative study corresponds to the construction of theories of "middle level", aimed at forming the theoretical model of a particular legal in-stitution, taking into account the practice of implementing this institution in specific states. The focus on middle-level theories within the framework of the comparative method allows one to go beyond the description of single systems, formulate conclusions at the level of generalization that ensure the comparability of the studied objects, and at the same time maintain an understanding of the diversity of constitutional models.

A new western Atlantic species ofEurysquilla(Crustacea: Stomatopoda: Eurysquilloidea) with a key to the world species

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1329-1333
Author(s):  
Débora Lucatelli ◽  
Shane T. Ahyong ◽  
Luis Ernesto Arruda Bezerra ◽  
Paulo Jorge Parreira Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Species ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
World Species ◽  
The World ◽  
A New Species

A new species of eurysquilloid stomatopod,Eurysquilla petronioisp. nov., is described from the tropical western Atlantic.Eurysquilla petronioisp. nov. is the fourteenth species of the genus to be recognized worldwide, the fifth species from the western Atlantic and the second from Brazilian waters. It is most closely related toE. maiaguesensisfrom Puerto Rico, but differs chiefly in having an unarmed versus apically spinous rostral plate and 6 or 7 rather than 8–10 teeth on dactylus of raptorial claw. A key to the species of the genus is provided.

America on Stage: the World in the Classroom

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (41) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Caleen Sinnette Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Television Studies ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
American University ◽  
American Theatre ◽  
Film And Television ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group Presentations ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences

In this, the third paper originally presented at the ATHE conference in Atlanta in 1992, Caleen Sinnette Jennings, Assistant Professor of Theatre in the American University, Washington, DC, discusses the problems and rewards of introducing American theatre, film, and television studies to a class of sixty students from a wide variety of nations and social backgrounds. Outlining the ideas and intentions behind a wide-ranging syllabus, she quotes from group presentations and individual responses to illustrate how works deeply rooted in American culture and assumptions can stimulate the recognition and discussion of social and cultural similarities and differences among responsive students.

scholarly journals The Applications of Intention (Qaedat al- Umu:r bi Maqasidaha) in Saudi Law: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Majed Al-Shaibani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
The West ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Sharia Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Western Law

The current study aims to tackle the theoretical understanding of intention as between Sharia and law. It addresses the similarities and differences in the analysis of interpretation of intention across sharia law and law. The paper contrasts between the two ways of dealing with the concept of intention that is both technical and intuitive, across law and religion. Starting from the hypothesis that the concept of intention in sharia law originated in classical contextual realities different from the contemporary realities of Saudi Arabia and become outdated, the study attempts to answer the following questions: How can the concept of intention be adapted to the new socio-economic realities of Saudi Arabia with its new vision toward the world? How can the concept of intentionality adopt by sharia benefits from the analysis of law theory relating to intention? In order to answer the questions of the study, the study adopts the comparative law methodology through which concept of intention is comparatively examined in both sharia and law. The research investigates the historical and cultural context that gives rise to the concept of intentionality in both sharia law and law, as it helps reflect on aspects of similarity and differences and how gap between the sharia law and law can be bridged. The collected data is obtained through comparing sharia law in Saudi Arabia to the law applied in the West. The study has reached a conclusion that the sound methodological application of the concept of intention in sharia law requires the integration of elements and concepts from the Western law concept of intention.

scholarly journals Engaging for Puerto Rico: #RickyRenuncia (and #RickySeQueda) during El Verano del 19 and digital identities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo T Perez-Rivera ◽  
Christopher Torres Lugo ◽  
Alexis R Santos-Lozada
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Puerto Rican Diaspora

Between July 13-24, 2019 the people of Puerto Rico took the streets after a series of corruption scandals shocked the political establishment. The social uprising resulted in the ousting of the Governor of Puerto Rico (Dr. Ricardo Rosselló, Ricky), the resignation of the majority of his staff something unprecedented in the history of Puerto Rico; this period has been called El Verano del 19 (Summer of 19). Social media played a crucial role in both the organization and dissemination of the protests, marches, and other activities that occurred within this period. Puerto Ricans in the island and around the world engaged in this social movement through the digital revolution mainly under the hashtag #RickyRenuncia (Ricky Resign), with a small counter movement under the hashtag #RickySeQueda (Ricky will stay). The purpose of this study is to illustrate the magnitude and grass roots nature of the political movement’s social media presence, as well as their characteristics of the population of both movements and their structures. We found that #RickyRenuncia was used approximately one million times in the period of analysis while #RickySeQueda barely reached 6,000 tweets. Particularly, the pervasiveness of cliques in the #RickySeQueda show concentrations of authority dedicated to its propagation, whilst the #RickyRenuncia propagation was much more distributed and decentralized with little to no interaction between significant nodes of authority. Noteworthy was the role of the Puerto Rican diaspora in the United States of America and around the world, contributing close to 40% of all geo-located tweets. Finally, we found that the Twitter followers of the former governor had indicators of being composed of two distinct populations: 1) those active in social media and 2) those who follow the account but who are not active participants of the social network. We discuss the implications of these findings on the interpretation of emergence, structure and dissemination of social activism and countermovement to these activities in the context of Puerto Rico.

scholarly journals A força da mulher argentina: resistência e luta política nas Madres de Plaza de Mayo e no grupo #NiUnaMenos

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Caroline Rios Costa
Keyword(s):  
Public Life ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Political Agents

As trajetórias femininas na vida pública vêm ganhando cada vez mais espaço, com mulheres do mundo tomando as ruas como forma de luta e resistência. Na Argentina, dois exemplos emblemáticos servem como espelho para outros movimentos: as Madres de Plaza de Mayo e as feministas do Ni Una Menos. Criados em diferentes contextos sociais, faixas etárias e motivações políticas, estes grupos se tornaram estandartes da luta política e reivindicação a nível federal, e até mesmo global. Similaridades e diferenças entre os dois grupos devem ser observadas para entender de forma adequada suas constituições enquanto agentes sociais e políticos. Além disso, pretendemos perceber como essas mulheres, jovens e senhoras, transformaram a questão do feminino e do gênero em sinônimo de uma luta frente a uma sociedade patriarcal em todo o mundo.Palavras-chave: Gênero, Resistência, Ni Una Menos, Madres de Plaza de Mayo AbstractWomen's trajectories in public life have been gaining more and more space, with women of the world taking over the streets as a form of struggle and resistance. In Argentina, two emblematic examples serve as a mirror to other movements: the Madres de Plaza de Mayo and the feminists of Ni Una Menos. Built on different social contexts, age groups, and political grounds, have become banners of political struggle and claim at federal, and even global, level. Similarities and differences must be observed to properly understand their constitutions as social and political agents. In addition, we intend to understand how these women, young and old, have transformed the issue of the feminine and gender into a struggle that clashes with a worldwide patriarchal society.Keywords: Gender, Resistance, Ni Una Menos, Madres de Plaza de Mayo

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Consumer Perception on the Usage of Cadbury Products in Malaysia and India

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Rudresh Pandey ◽  
Ajay Massand ◽  
Suhasini BV ◽  
Lavi Sharma ◽  
Akansha Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Consumer Perceptions ◽  
Consumer Perception ◽  
Indian Market ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The World ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Chocolates and snacks are a humongous market all around the world. Mondelez International, the producer of Cadbury is a major player in this industry which perceives the Malaysian and Indian market differently. This study aims to examine the consumer perception on the usage of Cadbury products in Malaysia and India. The study would examine the association, usage, buying behavior and customer satisfaction in the two countries and identify similarities and differences among them. This study involves both primary and secondary data collected through various sources such as consumers from the two countries and publications. These findings provide a comparative insight about consumer perceptions about the products which help in understanding the two markets and marketing activities in detail.

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