scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF CHINA’S FOREIGN POLICY OF BUILDING OF HARMONIOUS WORLD; RELEVANCE FOR PAKISTAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Waseem Ishaque ◽  
Saima Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
The Road ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Peaceful Development

China, a lofty nation of 5000 years of uninterrupted civilization, world’s second largest economy, a nation of huge land mass and vibrant 1.3 billion populations with permanent seat in United Nation’s Security Council is steadfast on the road of peaceful development. Despite foreign aggressions, humiliations and occupations, Chinese nation never demonstrated revengeful attitude and instead adopted a submissive and non- confrontational approach to buy time for national cohesion, economic and infrastructure development and making the country stronger. The consistent and rapid industrialization has enabled China to maintain over 9% growth rate which brought rich dividends for China and is now termed as economic super power and world’s manufacturing industry. This all can be attributed to consistent pragmatic foreign policy and unique blend of relevant to all and friend of all with mutual accommodation and peaceful coexistence. Pakistan and China are termed as Iron Brothers, therefore, Pakistan can accrue many dividends from rising status of China. This research article critically examines evolution of China’s foreign policy and draws relevance for Pakistan with suggested course of actions to make more dynamic and pragmatic foreign policy. The views and analysis expressed in this article are author’s own.

scholarly journals Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Blues: Powering BRI Research Back on Track to Avoid Choppy Seas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc F. Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The Road ◽  
Political Costs ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
On The Road

AbstractThis piece examines and critiques the massive literature on China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It details how research currently seems stuck on the road to nowhere. In addition, it identifies a number of the potholes that collective research endeavors are hitting such as that they are poorly synchronized. It also stresses that lines of analysis are proliferating rather than optimizing, with studies broadening in thematic coverage, rather than becoming deeper. It points out that BRI participants are regularly related to the role of a bit player in many analyses and research often is disconnected from other literatures. Among other things, this article recommends analysts focus on the Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI) or Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) in specific regions or countries. It also argues for a research core that focuses on the implementation issue (i.e., the issue of MSRI and SREB project implementation), project effects (i.e., the economic and political costs and benefits of projects), and the translation issue (i.e., the domestic and foreign policy effects of projects) and does work that goes beyond the usual suspects. On a related note, research need to identify, more precisely, participants and projects, undertake causal analysis, and take into account countervailing factors. Furthermore, studies need to make more extensive use of the Chinese foreign policy literature. Moreover, works examining subjects like soft power need to improve variable conceptualization and operationalization and deliver more nuanced analyses. Finally, studies, especially by area specialists, should take the area, not the China, perspective.

The new equation of South Asia region: The rising role of China in Nepal's foreign policy

2022 ◽  
pp. 223386592110729
Author(s):  
Attasit Pankaew ◽  
Suppawit Kaewkhunok
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Policy Shifts ◽  
Positive Effect

China's rising role in South Asia has contributed significantly to the changing geopolitics and geo-economics of the region. Nepal is one of the countries where relations with China have dramatically changed from 2015 till pre-pandemic. This study focuses on analyzing Nepal's foreign policy shifts towards neighboring China and India through a framework of neoclassical realism. It argues that Nepal's foreign policy against neighboring countries has changed since the India-Nepal conflict in 2015, where China has become a key option within Nepal's new foreign policy context. Changes in China's foreign policy and the victory of the Nepal Communist Party are among the key factors in enhancing relations between the two countries. However, it doesn't mean that Nepal took side with China and abandoned India. The article suggests that China's rise has a positive effect on Nepal as an option to balancing intra-regional power and opportunities for infrastructure development within the country.

scholarly journals Influences of polymer modifiers on Porous Hot Asphalt Mixture Property and Durability

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
Mohammed Q. Ali ◽  
Ganjeena J. Khoshnaw
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Permeable Pavement ◽  
The Road ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Open Structures ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact

Fundamentally, sustainability and cost-effectiveness in infrastructure development have received widespread attention. Permeable pavement is such a concept that it is sustainable in the field of transportation and is being tested. Fully permeable pavement is a modern design method in which each layer is porous and can store water, avoiding the impact of stormwater on the pavement to avoid stormwater, skidding, floods, and water splash on the road and parking area which decrease safety rate. Porous asphalt (PA) is an asphalt mixture with a little or no fine aggregate. Due to open structures and advantages are used as a drainage layer in highway pavements in reducing noise and decreasing safety hazards during rainfall. Besides, it reduces splash and spray effects and thus increases the visibility. The main aim of this study is to analyze the influence of two asphalt modifier types: Styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) and propylene modifier polypropylene (PP), on porous hot asphalt mixture performance. The PA evaluation influence findings are based on permeability, durability, and Marshall stability-flow for hot asphalt mixture. The test results emphasize the modifier usage in reducing the abrasion loss and increasing the stability with enhancing the durability of PA. PA mixture binder prepared with 4% SBS and 4% PP modifier was the most polymer binder in modifying the abrasion resistance and stability of mixture in pavements.

Japanese Politics: The Sobering Realities

Worldview ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Koji Taira
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Japanese Politics ◽  
The Road ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
On The Road

Japan, it is said, is advancing rapidly on the road to great power status. On that assumption, people ask how Japan's domestic and foreign policies will be shaped by its new status. In attempting to respond to that question I will begin by challenging the assumption.The so-called "big power status" really means nothing to the ordinary Japanese, and no domestic issues have ever arisen because some Japanese demanded domestic or foreign policies appropriate to that status. So far, the notion of Japan's being a "big power" has been entirely foreign in origin, and the Japanese, gasping in the world's most polluted air and feeling sick with the world's worst food and water, can scarcely think of Japan as a big power. Under the circumstances it will be very difficult for the Japanese government to conduct its foreign policy in ways historically associated with the behavior of big powers.

On the Road to Belgrade: Yugoslavia, Third World Neutrals, and the Evolution of Global Non-Alignment, 1954–1961

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Životić ◽  
Jovan Čavoški
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Third World ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hierarchical Relations ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Third World

Attempts by Yugoslav leaders to redirect their country's foreign policy orientation and redefine their priorities came to the fore in 1954. Yugoslav officials explicitly affirmed a long-term foreign policy goal of strengthening and developing relations with Arab countries, India, and other Asian and African countries that had no ties to existing political blocs. The idea of creating a wide movement deprived of hierarchical relations and centers of decision-making was much more acceptable for the Third World. The movement promoted peace and stability, opposed tensions and conflicts, and sought mutual cooperation and development. All these efforts demanded putting together a much broader international coalition than in just Asia and Africa. This is how the Non-Aligned Movement arose and took a more definitive shape after the Cairo Conference in 1964 and the Lusaka Summit in 1970.

scholarly journals Laboratory Study of the Use of Additional Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR) Materials on Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) Mix

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Bayu Tirta Leksana Purnomo ◽  
Latif Budi Suparman ◽  
Agus Taufik Mulyono
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
The Government ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Under Construction

<em>The development of infrastructure in Indonesia was increasing. The government focuses on boosting infrastructure development to create long-term economic growth. Therefore, a qualified infrastructure was a standard of an advanced rapidly economy. One of them is under construction was road and toll road infrastructure. As a result of the development was the occurrence of the increasing volume of vehicles on the road. Due to this resulting in an increased load reposition and also increased vehicle load on the road, it was then combined with a wet tropical climate or humid warm areas in Indonesia that have high rainfall and temperatures that can reach 38<sup>o</sup>C, resulting in structural damage such as cracks, rutting, stripping, and pothole. Performance from pavement also declined faster than the estimated plan. Roads in Indonesia mostly use the type of concrete asphalt mixture. Characteristics for concrete asphalt prioritize stability. In fact, the most important thing was the stability and durability of the road. Various ways can be done to overcome the road damage and acquire the ideal characteristics such as the use of added materials to Hot Mix Asphalt. To improve the performance of pavement characteristics, the use of added materials was expected to overcome problems that are affected by temperature, weather, increased vehicle volume, and increased traffic load. The added materials are to enhance Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR) which was a developed crumb rubber to increase durability and keep the level of road pavement stability.</em>

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