scholarly journals New Yoyo Tricks with AES-based Permutations

2018 ◽  
pp. 102-127
Author(s):  
Dhiman Saha ◽  
Mostafizar Rahman ◽  
Goutam Paul
Keyword(s):  
Generic Properties ◽  
Impossible Differential ◽  
Practical Complexity ◽  
First Time ◽  
Inside Out ◽  
Impossible Differentials ◽  
Difference Pattern

In Asiacrypt 2017, Rønjom et al. reported some interesting generic properties of SPNs, leading to what they call the Yoyo trick, and applied it to find the most efficient distinguishers on AES. In this work, we explore the Yoyo idea in distinguishing public permutations for the first time. We introduce the notion of nested zero difference pattern which extends the Yoyo idea and helps to compose it using improbable and impossible differential strategies to penetrate higher number of rounds. We devise a novel inside-out application of Yoyo which enables us to start the Yoyo game from an internal round. As an application, we investigate the AES-based public permutation AESQ used inside the authenticated cipher PAEQ. We achieve the first deterministic distinguisher of AESQ up to 8 rounds and the first 9-round distinguisher of AESQ that start from the first round with a practical complexity of around 226. We manage to augment Yoyo with improbable and impossible differentials leading to distinguishers on 9, 10, 12 rounds with complexities of about 22, 228, 2126 respectively. Further, with impossible differentials and a bi-directional Yoyo strategy, we obtain a 16-round impossible differential distinguisher with a complexity of 2126. Our results outperform all previous records on AESQ by a substantial margin. As another application, we apply the proposed strategies on AES in the known-key setting leading to one of the best 8-round known-key distinguisher with a complexity of 230. Finally, this work amplifies the scope of the Yoyo technique as a generic cryptanalysis tool.

scholarly journals Searching for impossible subspace trails and improved impossible differential characteristics for SIMON-like block ciphers

Cybersecurity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuzi Wang ◽  
Baofeng Wu ◽  
Lin Hou ◽  
Dongdai Lin
Keyword(s):  
Great Increase ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Block Ciphers ◽  
The State ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Impossible Differential ◽  
Milp Model ◽  
First Time ◽  
Impossible Differentials ◽  
State Of Art

AbstractIn this paper, we greatly increase the number of impossible differentials for SIMON and SIMECK by eliminating the 1-bit constraint in input/output difference, which is the precondition to ameliorate the complexity of attacks. We propose an algorithm which can greatly reduce the searching complexity to find such trails efficiently since the search space exponentially expands to find impossible differentials with multiple active bits. There is another situation leading to the contradiction in impossible differentials except for miss-in-the-middle. We show how the contradiction happens and conclude the precondition of it defined as miss-from-the-middle. It makes our results more comprehensive by applying these two approach simultaneously. This paper gives for the first time impossible differential characteristics with multiple active bits for SIMON and SIMECK, leading to a great increase in the number. The results can be verified not only by covering the state-of-art, but also by the MILP model.

scholarly journals The growth of mass and metallicity in bulges and disks: CALIFA perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (H16) ◽  
pp. 338-338
Author(s):  
R. M. González Delgado ◽  
E. Pérez ◽  
R. Cid Fernandes ◽  
R. García-Benito ◽  
A. de Amorim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Synthesis ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Star Formation History ◽  
Stellar Ages ◽  
Formation History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nearby Galaxies ◽  
First Time ◽  
Inside Out ◽  
Calar Alto

AbstractCALIFA (Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area) is a 3D spectroscopic survey of 600 nearby galaxies that we are obtaining with [email protected] at Calar Alto (Sánchez et al. 2012; Husemann et al. 2012). This pioneer survey is providing valuable clues on how the mass and metallicity grow in the different galactic spatial sub-components (“bulge” and “disk”). Processed through spectral synthesis techniques, CALIFA datacubes allow us to, for the first time, spatially resolve the star formation history of galaxies (Cid Fernandes et al. 2012). The richness of this approach is already evident from the results obtained for the first ~ 100 galaxies of the sample (Pérez et al. 2012). We have found that galaxies grow inside-out, and that the growth rate depends on a galaxy's mass. Here, we present the radial variations of physical properties sorting galaxies by their morphological type (Figure 1). We have found a good correlation between the stellar mass surface density, stellar ages and metallicities and the Hubble type, but being the the early type spirals (Sa-Sbc) the galaxies with strong negative age and metallicity gradient from the bulge to the disk.

scholarly journals Inside out Capping Clusters: Matryoshka Series

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Enos Masheija Rwantale Kiremire
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metals ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Series Method ◽  
Hypothetical Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Type ◽  
First Time ◽  
Inside Out ◽  
Connectivity Rule ◽  
Cluster Series

Matryoshka clusters have been analyzed and categorized using skeletal numbers for the first time. They have been found to portray a unique way of capping by having the nuclear elements occupying the outer layer and what were supposed to be the capping elements on the outside taking the place of the nucleus. Hence they belong to a new type of cluster series. The different types of capping clusters have been identified. Isomeric graphical structures of the clusters can be constructed in accordance with the connectivity rule of the series. It appears that the elements with large skeletal numbers have a tendency of going inside and forming an icosahedral shape. The 4N series method is a useful hypothetical model for analyzing and categorizing clusters of the main group and transition metals.

Peter Handke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andjelka Krstanović
Keyword(s):  
German Literature ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Peter Handke ◽  
Potential Possibility ◽  
Banja Luka ◽  
Narrative Framework ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
Inside Out

Andjelka Krstanović shows the emergence and establishment of a new German literary language during the first two decades of Peter Handke's artistic work, which remained formative in form and content through the establishment of a concrete narrative framework for his entire oeuvre. The author explores the principles of the narrative world of the Nobel Prize winner and at the same time presents him from the inside out. By exposing the narrative conveyance of codes of existence anchored in the autobiographical, she illustrates that Handke conveys the message of another potential possibility of existence, which is based on freedom, the opening of consciousness, fantasy, and authenticity. Andjelka Krstanović teaches German literature at the University of Banja Luka. She has already published several essays on Peter Handke, which have now been collected and supplemented for the first time.

scholarly journals On the Complexity of Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Qianqian Yang ◽  
Lei Hu ◽  
Danping Shi ◽  
Yosuke Todo ◽  
Siwei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Time Complexity ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
Differential Attack ◽  
Symmetric Key ◽  
Impossible Differential ◽  
Complexity Estimation ◽  
Impossible Differential Attack ◽  
Differential Attacks ◽  
Impossible Differentials ◽  
Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis

While impossible differential attack is one of the most well-known and familiar techniques for symmetric-key cryptanalysts, its subtlety and complicacy make the construction and verification of such attacks difficult and error-prone. We introduce a new set of notations for impossible differential analysis. These notations lead to unified formulas for estimation of data complexities of ordinary impossible differential attacks and attacks employing multiple impossible differentials. We also identify an interesting point from the new formulas: in most cases, the data complexity is only related to the form of the underlying distinguisher and has nothing to do with how the differences at the beginning and the end of the distinguisher propagate in the outer rounds. We check the formulas with some examples, and the results are all matching. Since the estimation of the time complexity is flawed in some situations, in this work, we show under which condition the formula is valid and give a simple time complexity estimation for impossible differential attack which is always achievable.

scholarly journals Impossible Differential Distinguishers of Two Generalized Feistel Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Huili Wang ◽  
Wenping Ma ◽  
Lang Liao ◽  
Yushan Li ◽  
Linfeng Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Layer ◽  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Round Function ◽  
Impossible Differential ◽  
Impossible Differentials

Generalized Feistel structures are widely used in the design of block ciphers. In this paper, we focused on retrieving impossible differentials for two kinds of generalized Feistel structures: CAST256-like structure with Substitution-Permutation (SP) or Substitution-Permutation-Substitution (SPS) round functions (named CAST256SP and CAST256SPS, respectively) and MARS-like structure with SP/SPS round function (named MARSSP and MARSSPS, respectively). Known results show that for bijective round function, CAST256-like structures and MARS-like structures have (m2−1) and (2m−1) rounds impossible differentials, respectively. By our observation, there existed (m2+m) rounds impossible differentials in CAST256SP and (3m−3) rounds impossible differentials in MARSSPS (this result does not require the P layer to be invertible). When the diffusion layer satisfied some special conditions, CAST256SPS had (m2+m−1) rounds impossible differentials and MARSSPS had (3m−3) rounds impossible differentials.

scholarly journals Flower structure and development in Vietnamese Sciaphila (Triuridaceae: Pandanales): refined knowledge of the morphological misfit family and implications for taxonomy

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10205
Author(s):  
Maxim S. Nuraliev ◽  
Margarita V. Remizowa ◽  
Dmitry D. Sokoloff
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Congenital Fusion ◽  
Perianth Tube ◽  
The Common ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
First Time ◽  
Inside Out ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The monocot family Triuridaceae is a morphological misfit with respect to several traits of floral morphology, including the uniformly apocarpous polymerous gynoecium and the famous inside-out flowers of Lacandonia. Although Triuridaceae are crucially important for understanding the floral evolution of Pandanales and angiosperms in general, significant knowledge gaps exist which hamper adequate morphological analysis of flowers in this family. The scarcity of morphological data is also reflected in numerous taxonomic inconsistencies. Here we provide a comprehensive study of reproductive organs of four species of Sciaphila occurring in Vietnam (S. arfakiana, S. densiflora, S. nana and S. stellata) including the first investigation of early floral development and gynoecium phyllotaxis. Our observations are mainly based on SEM images. We confirm the perianth (studied in male flowers) to be two-whorled and report a rare sequence of initiation of perianth parts: the outer tepals show a late congenital fusion, as their free lobes appear before the common perianth tube, whereas the inner tepals show an early congenital fusion, with their free lobes initiating on the tube rim. We interpret the stamen appendages as basal adaxial outgrowths of the stamen filaments. We discuss the number of thecae and locules in anthers of Sciaphila, and conclude that 3- and 4-, but not 2-locular anthers are characteristic of this genus. We describe the carpels as consisting of both ascidiate and plicate zones, the former being extremely short and completely obscured by anthesis. The single ovule is attached in the cross-zone. The style is non-plicate. We analyze gynoecium phyllotaxis by estimating its contact parastichies, and by investigating the number and arrangement of the outermost carpels. The carpel arrangement in a given gynoecium is a result of the balance between whorled and irregular (but not spiral) phyllotaxis. We recognize the following figures of gynoecium merism: 6, 9, 10, 10.5, 11 and 12, with the prevalence of those divisible by three. We discuss our results in the light of general diversity of floral structure of monocots. Our data allow to clarify several issues in taxonomy of Asian Sciaphila and indicate directions of further studies. We report a significant range extension for S. densiflora, which is newly recorded for the flora of Vietnam. We describe for the first time staminodes in female flowers of this species. We reveal two distinct morphs of S. nana in Vietnam. We highlight the need of a thorough revision of S. secundiflora species complex in order to verify the species boundaries and, in particular, to test the identity of the Vietnamese S. stellata.

scholarly journals Involvement of the "I" domain of LFA-1 in selective binding to ligands ICAM-1 and ICAM-3.

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Landis ◽  
A McDowall ◽  
C L Holness ◽  
A J Littler ◽  
D L Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Alpha Subunit ◽  
Adhesion Assay ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Cell Binding ◽  
Cos Cells ◽  
First Time ◽  
Inside Out

To analyze the binding requirements of LFA-1 for its two most homologous ligands, ICAM-1 and ICAM-3, we compared the effects of various LFA-1 activation regimes and a panel of anti-LFA-1 mAbs in T cell binding assays to ICAM-1 or ICAM-3 coated on plastic. These studies demonstrated that T cell binding to ICAM-3 was inducible both from the exterior of the cell by Mn2+ and from the interior by an agonist of the "inside-out" signaling pathway. T cells bound both ICAM ligands with comparable avidity. A screen of 29 anti-LFA-1 mAbs led to the identification of two mAbs specific for the alpha subunit of LFA-1 which selectively blocked adhesion of T cells to ICAM-3 but not ICAM-1. These two mAbs, YTH81.5 and 122.2A5, exhibited identical blocking properties in a more defined adhesion assay using LFA-1 transfected COS cells binding to immobilized ligand. Blocking was not due to a steric interference between anti-LFA-1 mAbs and N-linked carbohydrate residues present on ICAM-3 but not ICAM-1. The epitopes of mAbs YTH81.5 and 122.2A5 were shown to map to the I domain of the LFA-1 alpha subunit. A third I domain mAb, MEM-83, has been previously reported to uniquely activate LFA-1 to bind ICAM-1 (Landis, R. C., R. I. Bennett, and N. Hogg. 1993. J. Cell Biol. 120:1519-1527). We now show that mAb MEM-83 is not able to stimulate binding of T cells to ICAM-3 over a wide concentration range. Failure to induce ICAM-3 binding by mAb MEM-83 was not due to a blockade of the ICAM-3 binding site on LFA-1. This study has demonstrated that two sets of functionally distinct mAbs recognizing epitopes in the I domain of LFA-1 are able to exert differential effects on the binding of LFA-1 to its ligands ICAM-1, and ICAM-3. These results suggest for the first time that LFA-1 is capable of binding these two highly homologous ligands in a selective manner and that the I domain plays a role in this process.

scholarly journals Multiple Impossible Differentials Cryptanalysis on 7-Round ARIA-192

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Long Jiang ◽  
Chen-Hui Jin
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Algorithm ◽  
Differential Cryptanalysis ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Impossible Differential ◽  
Sieving Process ◽  
Impossible Differentials ◽  
Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis

This paper studies the security of 7-round ARIA-192 against multiple impossible differentials cryptanalysis. We propose six special 4-round impossible differentials which have the same input difference and different output difference with the maximum number of nonzero common bytes. Based on these differentials, we construct six attack trails including the maximum number of common subkey bytes. Under such circumstances, we utilize an efficient sieving process to improve the efficiency of eliminating common subkeys; therefore, both data and time complexities are reduced. Furthermore, we also present an efficient algorithm to recover the master key via guess-and-determine technique. Taking advantage of the above advances, we have obtained the best result so far for impossible differential cryptanalysis of ARIA-192, with time, data, and memory complexities being 2189.8 7-round ARIA encryptions, 2116.6 chosen plaintexts, and 2139.3 bytes, respectively.

Andean Ontologies

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
South American ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
First Time ◽  
Inside Out ◽  
Over Time

Andean Ontologies is a fascinating interdisciplinary investigation of how ancient Andean people understood their world and the nature of being. Exploring pre-Hispanic ideas of time, space, and the human body, these essays highlight a range of beliefs across the region’s different cultures, emphasizing the relational aspects of identity in Andean worldviews. Studies included here show that Andeans physically interacted with their pasts through recurring ceremonies in their ritual calendar and that Andean bodies were believed to be changeable entities with the ability to interact with nonhuman and spiritual worlds. A survey of rock art describes Andeans’ changing relationships with places and things over time. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence reveals head hair was believed to be a conduit for the flow of spiritual power, and bioarchaeological remains offer evidence of Andean perceptions of age and wellness. Andean Ontologies breaks new ground by bringing together an array of renowned specialists including anthropologists, bioarchaeologists, historians, linguists, ethnohistorians, and art historians to evaluate ancient Amerindian ideologies through different interpretive lenses. Many are local researchers from South American countries such as Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, and this volume makes their work available to North American readers for the first time. Their essays are highly contextualized according to the territories and time periods studied. Instead of taking an external, outside-in approach, they prioritize internal and localized views that incorporate insights from today’s indigenous societies. This cutting-edge collection demonstrates the value of a multifaceted, holistic, inside-out approach to studying the pre-Columbian world.

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