scholarly journals On the initial velocity of the glacial-stone material movement, the air-blast, the nature of the carrier medium and the range of action of sudden explosion-like gas-dynamic surge of the Kolka glacier

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
М.Г. Бергер
Keyword(s):  
Mass Velocity ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Epicentral Zone ◽  
Carrier Medium ◽  
Air Blast ◽  
Gas Dynamic ◽  
Significant Intensity ◽  
Stone Material ◽  
Volcanic Explosions

Начальная массовая скорость компактного движения выброшенного ледово-каменного материала ледника Колка, достигнутая на стадии газового ускорения в эпицентральной зоне взрывоподобного внезапного газодинамического выброса ледника, составляла около 300 м/с. Именно столь высокие значения величины начальной массовой скорости выброса основного количества ледово-каменного материала определили возможность образования сопутствовавшей выбросу ударной воздушной волны, которая и на большом расстоянии от эпицентра выброса (порядка 15 км) все еще имела значительную интенсивность. Воздушным был характер несущей среды для всего Геналдонского лавинообразного потока в пределах выделенной прежде всего по этому признаку зоны транзита на всем многокилометровом ее протяжении, а для начальной и основной стадий выброса – и за пределами этой зоны (до Скалистого хребта). Дальность же действия взрывоподобного внезапного газодинамического выброса ледника Колка 20 сентября 2002 года, безусловно, не ограничивалась лишь вместилищем ледника Колка или Колкинским цирком, как иногда полагают, а захватывала огромную территорию Колкинского и Геналдонского ущелий и была ограничена (да и то не полностью) лишь непреодолимой механической преградой Скалистого хребта. Цель работы. В плане сопоставления с взрывоподобными направленными газодинамическими выбросами ледников рассматривается вопрос об истории изучения направленных вулканических взрывов, установленных полстолетием ранее. Методы работы. Проведен анализ имеющихся данных и существующих походов их оценок. Результаты работы. Показана огромная мощность взрывоподобных направленных газодинамических выбросов ледника Колка, вполне сопоставимых в данном отношении с крупными направленными вулканическими взрывами. The initial mass velocity of the compact movement of the ejected glacial-stone material of the Kolka glacier, reached at the stage of gas acceleration in the epicentral zone of the sudden explosion-like gas-dynamic surge of the glacier, was about 300 m/s. Exactly such high values of the initial mass velocity of the surge of the main amount of glacial-stone material that determined the possibility of the formation of an accompanying ejection of the air-blast, which had a significant intensity even at a great distance from the surge epicenter (about 15 km). The nature of the carrier medium for the entire Genaldon avalanche flow was aerial within the transit zone distinguished primarily according this character along its entire length of many kilometers; and for the initial and main stages of the surge the nature was the same outside this zone (up to the Skalisty (Rocky) Ridge). The range of action of the sudden explosion-like gas-dynamic surge of the Kolka glacier on September 20, 2002, was certainly not limited only by the reservoir of the Kolka glacier or the Kolka cirque, as it is sometimes supposed, but captured the vast territory of the Kolka and Genaldon gorges and was limited (and even then not completely) only by the insurmountable mechanical barrier of the Skalisty (Rocky Ridge). Aim. In terms of the comparison with explosion-like directional gas-dynamic surges of glaciers, the article considers an issue of the history of study of directional volcanic explosions determined half a century earlier. Methods. The analysis of the available data and the existing approaches for their assessments was carried out. Results. The results of the work show the enormous power of explosion-like directed gas-dynamic surges of the Kolka glacier, which are quite comparable in this respect with large directed volcanic explosions.

scholarly journals ABOUT AIR-BLAST OCCURRENCE AT SUDDEN GAS-DYNAMIC SURGE OF THE GLACIER KOLKA ON 20 SEPTEMBER 2002

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
М.Г. Бергер
Keyword(s):  
Air Blast ◽  
Gas Dynamic

Отмечены признаки проявления ударной воздушной волны при внезапном выбросе ледника Колка 20 сентября 2002 г. Дано объяснение причин сохранности отдельных объектов в Геналдонском ущелье. Characteristics of air-blast occurrence at sudden surge of the glacier Kolka on 20 September 2002 are noticed in the article. The reasons of single objects preservation in Genaldon gorge are explained

scholarly journals CATASTROPHIC ICE-STONE INERTIAL GAS-DYNAMIC AVALANCHE-TYPE STREAMS AS AN OCCURRENCE OF PAROXYSMAL AIR-BLAST DIRECTIONAL GAS-DYNAMIC SURGES OF GLACIERS. ABOUT CORRELATION OF THE CONCEPTS «AVALANCHE-TYPE STREAM» AND «MUDFLOW»

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
М.Г. Бергер
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Modelling ◽  
Air Blast ◽  
Gas Dynamic ◽  
Type Stream

Рассмотрены особенности катастрофических гляциальных лавинообразных потоков. Выделен особый тип этих потоков, особенности возникновения и движения которых указывают на то, что эти потоки являются проявлениями пароксизмальных взрывоподобных направленных газодинамических выбросов ледников. Дано объяснение механизма и экстраординарных параметров кинематики движения таких потоков. Подчеркнуто принципиальное отличие этих потоков от селей. Соответственно, селевая трактовка Колкинской катастрофы 2002 г. в ее эпицентральной и сопредельной с ней зоне, включающей зону транзита гляциального лавинообразного потока, является необоснованной и ошибочной, с чем согласуется безуспешность предпринятых попыток гидравлического моделирования этой катастрофы. Показано, что эти потоки не относятся к числу склоново-гравитационных, не представляют собой ни обычный, ни особый тип подобных явлений The features of catastrophic glacial avalanche-type streams are considered in the article. A special type of these streams is singled out. The features of origination and motion of such streams point at the fact that they are the evidence of paroxysmal air-blast directional gas-dynamic surges of glaciers. The mechanism and extraordinary parameters of motion kinematics of these streams are explained. Accordingly a mudflow version of the Kolka catastrophe of 2002 in its epicentral and adjoining zone including the motion zone of glacial avalanche-type stream is unreasonable and false what confirms unsuccessful efforts of hydraulic modelling of this catastrophe. It is shown that such streams are referred to the slope-gravity phenomena and are either ordinary no special type of such phenomena

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Periodic Variations in the Coronal Green Line Intensity and their Connection with the White-light Coronal Structures

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
Milan Minarovjech ◽  
Milan Rybanský ◽  
Vojtech Rušin
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolution ◽  
White Light ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Green Line ◽  
Periodic Intensity ◽  
Coronal Green Line ◽  
Significant Intensity ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractWe present an analysis of short time-scale intensity variations in the coronal green line as obtained with high time resolution observations. The observed data can be divided into two groups. The first one shows periodic intensity variations with a period of 5 min. the second one does not show any significant intensity variations. We studied the relation between regions of coronal intensity oscillations and the shape of white-light coronal structures. We found that the coronal green-line oscillations occur mainly in regions where open white-light coronal structures are located.

Chelovek.RU/Человек.RU

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Sergei Avanesov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pavel Florensky ◽  
The Moment

Abstract. The article analyzes the autobiography of the famous Russian philosopher, theologian and scientist Pavel Florensky, as well as those of his texts that retain traces of memories. According to Florensky, the personal biography is based on family history and continues in children. He addresses his own biography to his children. Memories based on diary entries are designed as a memory diary, that is, as material for future memories. The past becomes actual in autobiography, turns into a kind of present. The past, from the point of view of its realization in the present, gains meaning and significance. The au-thor is active in relation to his own past, transforming it from a collection of disparate facts into a se-quence of events. A person can only see the true meaning of such events from a great distance. Therefore, the philosopher remembers not so much the circumstances of his life as the inner impressions of the en-counter with reality. The most powerful personality-forming experiences are associated with childhood. Even the moment of birth can decisively affect the character of a person and the range of his interests. The foundations of a person's worldview are laid precisely in childhood. Florensky not only writes mem-oirs about himself, but also tries to analyze the problems of time and memory. A person is immersed in time, but he is able to move into the past through memory and into the future through faith. An autobi-ography can never be written to the end because its author lives on. However, reaching the depths of life, he is able to build his path in such a way that at the end of this path he will unite with the fullness of time, with eternity.

George Hoggart Toulmin: politics and geology

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-481
Author(s):  
ROY PORTER
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Christian View ◽  
The Social ◽  
French Enlightenment ◽  
Political Conservatism ◽  
History Of

The physician George Hoggart Toulmin (1754–1817) propounded his theory of the Earth in a number of works beginning with The antiquity and duration of the world (1780) and ending with his The eternity of the universe (1789). It bore many resemblances to James Hutton's "Theory of the Earth" (1788) in stressing the uniformity of Nature, the gradual destruction and recreation of the continents and the unfathomable age of the Earth. In Toulmin's view, the progress of the proper theory of the Earth and of political advancement were inseparable from each other. For he analysed the commonly accepted geological ideas of his day (which postulated that the Earth had been created at no great distance of time by God; that God had intervened in Earth history on occasions like the Deluge to punish man; and that all Nature had been fabricated by God to serve man) and argued they were symptomatic of a society trapped in ignorance and superstition, and held down by priestcraft and political tyranny. In this respect he shared the outlook of the more radical figures of the French Enlightenment such as Helvétius and the Baron d'Holbach. He believed that the advance of freedom and knowledge would bring about improved understanding of the history and nature of the Earth, as a consequence of which Man would better understand the terms of his own existence, and learn to live in peace, harmony and civilization. Yet Toulmin's hopes were tempered by his naturalistic view of the history of the Earth and of Man. For Time destroyed everything — continents and civilizations. The fundamental law of things was cyclicality not progress. This latent political conservatism and pessimism became explicit in Toulmin's volume of verse, Illustration of affection, published posthumously in 1819. In those poems he signalled his disapproval of the French Revolution and of Napoleonic imperialism. He now argued that all was for the best in the social order, and he abandoned his own earlier atheistic religious radicalism, now subscribing to a more Christian view of God. Toulmin's earlier geological views had run into considerable opposition from orthodox religious elements. They were largely ignored by the geological community in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Britain, but were revived and reprinted by lower class radicals such as Richard Carlile. This paper is to be published in the American journal, The Journal for the History of Ideas in 1978 (in press).

MANUFACTURING GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY PYROLYSIS MICROALGAE BIOMASS

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
N. I. Chernova ◽  
S. V. Kiseleva ◽  
O. M. Larina ◽  
G. A. Sytchev
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquid ◽  
Pyrolysis Gases

Algae biomass is considered as an alternative raw material for the production of biofuels. The search for new types of raw materials, including high-energy types of microalgae, remains relevant, since the share of motor fuels in the structure of the global fuel and energy balance remains consistently high (about 35%), and the price of oil is characterized by high volatility. The authors have considered the advantages of microalgae as sources of raw materials for fuel production. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion are proposed as technologies for their processing. This paper presents the results of the study of the pyrolysis of the biomass of clonal culture of blue-green microalgae / cyanobacteriumArthrospira platensis rsemsu 1/02-Pfrom the collection of the Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. An experiment to study the process of pyrolysis of microalgae biomass was carried out at the experimental facility of the Institute of High Temperatures RAS in pure nitrogen grade 6.0 to create an oxygen-free environment with a linear heating rate of 10 ºС / min from room temperature to 1000 ºС. The whole process of pyrolysis proceeded in the field of endothermy. The specific amounts of solid residue, pyrolysis liquid and gaseous products were experimentally determined. As a result of the pyrolysis of microalgae biomass weighing 15 g, the following products were obtained: 1) coal has the mass of the solid residue is 2.68 g, or 17.7% of the initial mass of the microalgae (while 9.3% of the initial mass of the microalgae remained in the reactor); 2) pyrolysis liquid – weight 3.3 g, or 21.9% of the initial weight; 3) non-condensable pyrolysis gases – weight 1.15 l. The specific volumetric gas yield (the amount of gas released from 1 kg of the starting material) was 0.076 Nm3/ kg. The analysis of the composition and specific volume yield of non-condensable pyrolysis gases formed in the process of pyrolysis, depending on temperature. It is shown that with increasing temperature, the proportion of highcalorie components of the gas mixture (hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide) increases. The calorific value of the mixture of these gases has been estimated.

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