FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN ADULT ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME POPULATION OF D.I.KHAN DIVISION, PAKISTAN

Background: Global Health Estimates 2015 has shown IHD as second leading global cause of death and 3rd leading global cause for DALYs for 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine frequency, distribution and determinants of DM in adult acute coronary syndrome (ACS) population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Departments of Ophthalmology & Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, from February 1, 2017 to April 30, 2017. 331 cases were selected with margin of error 4.511%, 90%CL and 25% prevalence of DM in 73,438 adults assumed to have IHD. All indoor adult patients of ACS were eligible. Sex, age groups, and residence and presence of DM were variables. Frequency and distribution were analyzed by count and percentage. Hypotheses for distribution were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit and of association by chi-square test of association. Results: Out of 331 patients with ACS, 225 (68.0%) were men and 106 (32.0%) women, 221 (66.8%) ≤60 years and 110 (33.2%) >60 years, and 210 (63.4%) urban and 121 (35.6%) rural. Frequency of DM was 79/331 (23.87%). Out of 79 patients with DM, men were 44 (13.29%), women 35 (10.57%), age group ≤60 years 57 (17.22%), >60 years 22 (6.65%), urban 53 (16.01%) and rural 60 (7.85%). Our prevalence of DM was lower than expected (p=.00214), our distribution by sex was similar to expected (p=.4993) while our distribution for age groups (p=.01209) and residence (p=.00005) were not similar to expected. Presence of DM was associated to sex (p=.011) but not to age groups (p=.0304) and residence (p=.5241). Conclusion: Prevalence of DM in adult ACS population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan was found lower than expected. The prevalence was more in men than women, more in younger age group (≤60 years) than older age group (>60 years) and more in urban than rural population. Our prevalence of DM was lower than expected, our distribution by sex was similar to expected while our distribution for age groups and residence were not similar to expected. The presence of DM was associated to sex but not to age groups and residence.

Download Full-text

FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF HYPERTENSION IN ADULT STROKE POPULATION OF D.I.KHAN DIVISION, PAKISTAN

Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.46903/gjms/17.03.2076 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 81-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nazafatul Ain ◽

Saira Khan ◽

Muhammad Marwat ◽

Nisar Khan ◽

Iftikhar Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Frequency Distribution ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Stroke Population ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Global Health Estimates 2015 has shown the stroke as second leading global cause of death and 3rd leading global cause for DALYs for year 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency, distribution and determinants of hypertension in adult stroke population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from February 1, 2017 to April 30, 2017. A sample 217 was selected with margin of error 5.59%, 90%CL and 50% prevalence of hypertension in 200,000 adults at risk of stroke population through consecutive sampling. All indoor adult patients of stroke were eligible. Sex, age groups, and residence and presence of hypertension were variables. Frequency and distribution of hypertension were analyzed by count and percentage. Hypotheses for distribution were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit and of association by chi-square test of association. Results: Out of 217 patients with stroke, 123 (56.7%) were men and 94 (43.3%) were women, 86 (39.6%) were≤60 years and 131 (60.4%) were>60 years, and 105 (48.4%) were urban and 112 (51.6%) were rural. Frequency of hypertension was 132/217 (60.83%). Out of 132 patients with hypertension, men were 74 (34.10%), women 58 (26.73%), age group≤60 years 46 (21.20%), >60 years 86 (39.63%), urban 72 (33.18%) and rural 60 (27.65%). Presence of hypertension was associated to residence (p=.023) but not to sex (p=.817) and age groups (p=.072). Conclusion: Frequency of hypertension in adult stroke population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan was found to be similar as expected. Frequency was more in men, in older age group (of>60years) and in urban population. The presence of hypertension in adult stroke population of D.I.Khan Division was associated to residence but not to sex and age groups.

Download Full-text

PREVALENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI RESISTANCE TO CEFTRIAXONE IN ADULT INDOOR UTI POPULATION OF DISTRICT PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN

Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.46903/gjms/18.02.869 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 45-53

Author(s):

Ubed Ullah ◽

Kiran Javed ◽

Muhammad Asim Khan ◽

Imran Ullah ◽

Noor Ul Iman

Keyword(s):

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Older Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli ◽

Younger Age ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Escherichia coliresistance to ceftriaxone in UTIs is an emerging health problem.Our objectives were to determine prevalence, distribution and determinants of E. coliresistance to ceftriaxone in adult indoor UTI population of District Peshawar, Pakistan. Materials & Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from 1st January 2017 to 30th June 2017. 380 UTIs cases were selected from population at riskconsecutively.Sex and age groups were demographic, while presence of E. coli resistance to ceftriaxone was research variable. All variables were nominal.Prevalenceand distribution were analyzed by count, percentage and confidence intervals for proportion for population. Hypotheses for distribution were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit and of association by chi-square test of association. Results: Out of 380 patients with UTI, 136 (35.80%) were men,244(64.20%) women, 262 (68.95%) in age group 18-45 years and 118 (31.05%) in age group 46-65 years. Frequency/ prevalence of E. coli resistance was 287/380 (75.53%, 95%CI 71.20-79.85). Out of 287 patients with E. coli resistance to ceftriaxone, 101 (26.58%) were men and 186 (48.95%) women, 198 (52.11%) in age group 18-45 years and 89 (23.42%) in age group 46-65 years. Our prevalence of E. coli resistance to ceftriaxone was higher than expected (p<.00001), our distribution by sex(p<.00125) and age groups (p<.00001) were different than expected. Presence of E. coli resistance to ceftriaxone was not associated to sex (p=.669333) and age groups (p=.975097). Conclusion:Prevalence of E. coli resistance to ceftriaxone in adult UTI population of District Peshawar, Pakistan was alarmingly high 75.53%. Prevalence was more in women than men and more in younger age group (18-45 years) than older age group (46-60 years) population.Overall prevalence of E. coli resistance to ceftriaxone was higher than expected. Distribution by sex showed higher prevalence than expected in men and lower than expected in women, and higher than expected in younger age group and lower than expected in older age group. Presence of E. coli resistance to ceftriaxone was not associated to sex and age groups respectively in adult UTI population of District Peshawar, Pakistan.

Download Full-text

Frequency of Crowding in patients reporting at Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan

10.53350/pjmhs211581908 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 1908-1909

Author(s):

Zubair Hassan Awaisi ◽

Muhammad Azeem ◽

Faisal BDS ◽

Hafiza Asma Jawaid ◽

Muhammad Haseeb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Permanent Dentition ◽

Age Group ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Chi Square Test

Aim: To determine the frequency of crowding in patients reporting at Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan. Methods: A total of 200 patients (126 females, 74 males) having malocclusion in permanent dentition were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients in the age group 7years and above were included in the study. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version20.0. Cross tabulations were performed for gender and age groups and chi square test was used to determine association. Results: The frequency of crowding was found to be 29%. The percentage of crowding in males was 12% and females 17 %. While the frequency of crowding was 31% in males and 28% in females. It was found that there was a decrease in crowding with increasing age in both genders. Conclusion: Crowding was more frequent in females than males. Keywords: Malocclusion, Alignment, Orthodontics

Download Full-text

Reliability of Duo Chrome Test in Different Age Groups Considering Patient Satisfaction as Gold Standard

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v37i4.1118 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Zehwa Mazhar ◽

Rabia Manzoor ◽

Shazia Kanwal ◽

Ghazala Iqbal

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Group 2 ◽

And Gender ◽

The Right

Purpose: To check the reliability of the duo-chrome test in different age groups after best correction. Study Design: Descriptive, Cross Sectional Study. Place and Duration of Study: College of Ophthalmology and Allied Vision Sciences. King Edward Medical University, Lahore from September 2019 – December 2019. Methods: Forty two cooperative patients of both genders more than 15 years of age were included but patients with poor fixation, any opacity or any other ocular pathology were excluded. Equipment used was Trial box Trial frame Auto-refractor and Snellen Chart. Group 1 composed of 17 patients (15 – 35 years of age). Group 2 (36 – 60 years) had 15 patients and group 3 (age 61-80 years) comprised of 10 patients. Data was collected on self-designed Performa. Duo Chrome was dependent variable and gender was independent variable. Data was analyzed by using statistical package for social science (SPSS22.00) and chi square test was applied. Results: Out 42, 21 patients reported red, 12 reported green and 9 patients reported equally clear in the right eye. P value=0.156 showed that duo chrome test was equally reliable in every age group in the right eye. Similar results with p = 0.755 showed that duo chrome test was equally reliable in every age group in the left eye. Test when performed bilaterally, showed similar results. Out of 42 patients, 32 were satisfied and 10 were not satisfied with the test. Conclusion: Red Green duo-chrome test is equally reliable in all age groups to confirm refraction. Key Words: Duo chrome test, Refraction, Myopia, Hypermetropia.

Download Full-text

The influence of varying maxillary central incisor vertical dimension on perceived smile aesthetics

Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1177/1465312519839713 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 137-142

Author(s):

Elis Janaina Lira dos Santos ◽

Alana Moura Xavier Dantas ◽

Raíssa Marçal Vilela ◽

Karina Jerônimo Rodrigues Santiago de Lima ◽

Rejane Targino Soares Beltrão

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Educational Background ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Central Incisor ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Maxillary Central Incisor ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test

Objective: To evaluate patient perception of the smile focused on analysis of the upper incisors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry at Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil. Participants: The sample consisted of 135 individuals (73 women and 62 men). Methods: Images with different characteristics associated with the incisal edges were shown at random and analysed using a Likert scale. Data were analysed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test with a statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05). Results: Smile I (difference of 1.5 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) was considered the most aesthetic, while Smile III (no difference in height between the central and lateral incisors) was the least aesthetic. A significant difference was found between perception of smile II (difference of 1 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) and age groups ( P < 0.005), with 31% (n = 13) of individuals aged 45–64 years considering smile II as not pleasant, 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years and 8.3% (n=4) aged 25–44 years and 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years considering the same. A significant difference was also found in relation to educational background of the assessor and smile perception, with smile III ( P = 0.0441) and smile IV ( P = 0.0053) considered the most aesthetic ( P = 0.0116). Conclusion: The smile considered most attractive among the sample was that with 1.5 mm steepness between the central and lateral incisors, while a flat smile arc was considered least attractive.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Cardiac Depression and its Related Factors among Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care ◽

10.18311/ajprhc/2016/7677 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amir Hossein Goudarzian ◽

Hamid Sharif Nia ◽

Heydar Tavakoli ◽

Mohammad Ali Soleimani ◽

Ameneh Yaghoobzadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Depression Score ◽

Chi Square ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Psychological Reactions ◽

Coronary Syndrome ◽

Cardiac Depression

Cardiac depression is one of the most common psychological reactions of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiac depression and its related factors among patients with ACS. This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2016 in patients with ACS who were admitted to hospitals affiliated to the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. In the present study, 407 patients completed the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS) within two months (March - June). The data were analyzed by a chi-square test and a general linear model multivariate analysis. According to the results, the mean cardiac depression score in patients with ACS was 109.00 ± 16.49 (CI95: 107.39 to 110.60). Among the participants, 37 (9.1%), 72 (17.7%), and 298 (73.2%) patients had mild, moderate, and severe levels of depression, respectively. Although the two-way ANOVA was not significant, but there was a difference between cardiac depression score of a type of ACS. Given the high prevalence of cardiac depression among these patients, it is necessary to develop measures for routine screening in cardiac treatment units.

Download Full-text

Oral hygiene practices and knowledge among children of age 10-13 years in a private school in Chennai, South India

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204382 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 4093

Author(s):

Aravind Sunderavel Kumaravel Kanagavelu ◽

Arun Chandran ◽

Jaya Brinda

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Private School ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dental Floss ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Oral health is an important and proven determinant of overall health and quality of life. It is well established that oral health and non-communicable diseases share common risk factors. Our study was designed to assess the practice and knowledge of oral health among 10-13 years old because at this age, lifelong beliefs and essential skills are developed.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done by randomly selecting students from V to VIII standards in a private school. Data was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. The results were analysed using ‘Jamovi’ software with 'Pearson Chi-square test’ and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Out of the 210 students, only around 1/3rd of the students used both brush with toothpaste, and dental floss to clean their teeth. 123 (58.6%) students brushed twice a day. The association between the frequency of brushing and the age groups was statistically significant. Gender played a role in the duration of brushing.Conclusions: It can be noted from our study that the oral practices and knowledge was better in 10-11 years olds than the 12-13-year olds and better in girls than in boys. Thus, oral education must be tailor made based on the calibre of a particular group instead of ‘one for all’ method.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Patients With Gastroenteritis by Modified Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Method in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran During 2018-2019

International Journal of Medical Parasitology and Epidemiology Sciences ◽

10.34172/ijmpes.2020.17 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 56-60

Author(s):

Alireza Javidmehr ◽

Yagoob Garedaghi ◽

Amir Babak Sioufi

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Stool Samples ◽

East Azerbaijan

Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that is caused by Cryptosporidium species and leads to acute or chronic diarrhea and vomiting in patients. Due to the suitable conditions of East Azerbaijan province for parasite transmission, the present study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in patients with gastroenteritis referred to hospitals and reference laboratories of East Azerbaijan province during 2018-2019. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on patients with diarrhea who referred to hospitals and reference laboratories of East Azerbaijan province during 2018-2019. In this study, 180 fecal samples were collected from patients with gastroenteritis by cluster-random sampling. Stool samples were stored in 10% formalin and transferred to a parasitology laboratory and examined for parasite contamination by modified acid-fast staining (Modified Ziehl-Neelsen) method. Data were analyzed by chi-square test using SPSS. Results: Out of 180 samples, the highest number of diarrhea samples belonged to the age group over 40 years (35.5%) and the lowest belonged to the age group of 10-20 years (7.7%). Additionally, 56% of subjects were male and 44% were female. Of these patients, 57.7% lived in urban areas and 42.3% in rural areas. Cryptosporidium was observed in 1.6% (3 cases) of patients with gastroenteritis. There was a statistically significant relationship between Cryptosporidium infection and the age of patients with diarrhea (P<0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, a lower prevalence of cryptosporidiosis has been determined in comparison with previous studies in East Azerbaijan province. However, Cryptosporidium and other parasitic infections in the feces of patients with diarrhea referred to hospitals or reference laboratories need to be carefully diagnosed by appropriate parasitological methods.

Download Full-text

Study of socio-demographic factors causing interruption of anti-tuberculosis treatment in DOTS centre in Warangal district of Telangana State

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20174632 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (11) ◽

pp. 4107

Author(s):

Tagaram Ramchandra ◽

N. Pragathi Kumar ◽

Niharika Lakkoju

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Family ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tribal Area ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Socio Demographic Factors ◽

Tribal Areas

Background: Tuberculosis has existed for millennia and remains a major global health problem. It causes ill-health in millions of people each year and in 2015 it was one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Understanding the specific reasons for unsuccessful outcomes is important to improve the treatment system. This present study was carried out to find out the effects of socio-demographic factors on TB defaulters under DOTS centre in Warangal District, Telangana state.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried among 103 defaulters of TB patients in 3 TB units (TU) Warangal (urban), Ragunathapally (rural) and Eturunagaram (tribal) out of 7 TB units in Warangal district, attached to District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC) from January 2016 to June 2016 by interview technique utilising a pretested and structured questionnaire to collect the data. Statistical analysis: Percentages, proportions and chi-square test were applied whenever necessary.Results: In present study, males (35%) were more than females (7.8%) and 42.8% were in the age group of 40-55 years, followed by 28.1% were 26-39 years age group. Majority of defaulters were in nuclear family (77.7%) followed by joint family (21.3%). Cost of travel as a reason for default of treatment was seen more in tribal area (16.5%) than rural (12.6%) and urban (4.8%) TUs. The TB patients residing in tribal areas are more prone to default, an important reason being the distance needed to travel to the closest health facility, availability and the need to travel by public transport.Conclusions: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which has a devastating impact on the economic wellbeing of individual and their families. Most of the defaulters were illiterates residing in tribal area. Cost of travel as a reason for default of treatment was seen more in tribal TU 17(16.5%) than urban and rural TUs.

Download Full-text

Presentation of invasive cervical cancer in Bangladesh

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal ◽

10.3329/bsmmuj.v6i1.29021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jannatul Ferdous ◽

Shirin Akter Begum ◽

Noor-E- Ferdous ◽

Qamrun Nahar ◽

Sayeda Fatema Khatun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

The Status ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Cervical cancer is a disease of significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. More than 85% of the disease occurs in developing countries. Bangladesh, like other developing countries faces a burden of the disease. ObJective: To find out the different way of presentation of invasive cervical cancer patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Gynaecologic Oncology wing of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) during 1st January 2007 to 30th April 2008. One hundred and four patients with invasive cervical cancer admitted in hospital were enrolled in the study by purposive sampling. All the information were collected in a pre-designed structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using statistical program SPSS version: 17.0. Frequency distributions were used to present the characteristics of the patients. Chi-square test was calculated and the significant level was set at P<0.05. Results: Maximum patients (60.6%) were in stage II. Majority of the patients (61.5%) presented with abnormal bleeding. Exophytic growth was found in the majority of the patients (71.2%). Squamous cell carcinoma was more (92.3%) in the majority of patients and adenocarcinoma was more in younger age group. Conclusion: The status of the patients irJ this study reflects advanced stage of the disease at presentation and the peak incidence was observed in 36-45 years age group.

Download Full-text