scholarly journals CORRELATION OF COVID-19 IN THE ONLINE PURCHASING PROCESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saso Josimovski ◽  
◽  
Lidija Pulevska Ivanovska ◽  
Martin Kiselicki ◽  
Brankica Boceva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Contact Interactions ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Online Retailers ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Purchasing Process

The paper establishes the central point for researching factors that influence buying decisions in the online purchasing process. The benefits of e-commerce for both buyers and sellers place it as the default method of shopping in the near future. Through empirical research, e-commerce growth is being established as rapidly rising through recent years, which has been accelerated by specific factors introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Data shows that e-commerce is dependent on several different factors during normal circumstances, which also include the level of development of the country as one of the main precursors. The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic influenced greatly the importance of these established factors for online purchasing, rendering many of them obsolete. The paper structures the research to outline the most relevant factors influencing online purchasing decisions pre-pandemic and during pandemic times, and to draw relevant conclusions and recommendations for future practical implementations of e-commerce models. Research shows that new factors need to be introduce in these types of abnormal times, as the nature of the pandemic made non-contact interactions the norm in the past year. By introducing the six stages of pandemic behavior, online retailers can better understand the factors influencing online purchasing process in pandemic times. Finally, specific recommendations can be made to improve the e-commerce acceptance both at industry and company levels.

A Data Analysis of the Irradiation Parameter D10 for Bacteria and Spores under Various Conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1024-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUZANNE J. C. van GERWEN ◽  
FRANK M. ROMBOUTS ◽  
KLAAS van't RIET ◽  
MARCEL H. ZWIETERING
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Deinococcus Radiodurans ◽  
Specific Question ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Irradiation Parameter ◽  
Irradiation Process ◽  
Very High ◽  
Relevant Factors

This paper provides approximate estimates for the irradiation parameter D10 to globally predict the effectiveness of any irradiation process. D10 is often reported to depend on many specific factors, implying that D10 cannot be estimated without exact knowledge of all factors involved. For specific questions these data can of course be useful but only if the conditions reported exactly match the specific question. Alternatively, this study determined the most relevant factors influencing D10, by quantitatively analyzing data from many references. The best first step appeared to be a classification of the data into vegetative bacteria and spores. As expected, spores were found to have significantly higher D10 values (average 2.48 kGy) than vegetative bacteria (average 0.762 kGy). Further analyses of the vegetative bacteria confirmed the expected extreme irradiation resistance of nonpathogenic Deinococcus radiodurans (average 10.4 kGy). Furthermore the analysis identified Enterococcus faecium, Alcaligenes spp., and several members of the Moraxella–Acinetobacter group as having very high resistance at very low temperatures (average 3.65 kGy). After exclusion of high- and low-resistance spores and some specific conditions showing relevant high or low D10 values, the average for spores was estimated to be 2.11 kGy. For vegetative bacteria this average was estimated to be 0.420 kGy. These approximate estimates are not definite, as they depend on the data used in the analyses. It is expected that inclusion of more data will not change the estimates to a great extent. The approximate estimates are therefore useful tools in designing and evaluating irradiation processes.

Factors influencing the quality of objective-prism spectra

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
R. H. Hardie
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Spectral Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Relevant Factors

The definition and clarity of spectral features in objective-prism spectra are determined largely by the telescope's image quality and the seeing conditions. Over the past 3 years, a systematic attempt has been carried out to identify and minimize all relevant factors which would tend to limit the image quality of spectra taken with the Seyfert 24-inch telescope in the Baker Corrector-Reflector arrangement. Both the inherent image quality and the seeing conditions have been brought up to a high degree of perfection.

scholarly journals One eye of the future, one eye on the past

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathal T. Gallagher ◽  
Chhayal Dhokia
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Court ◽  
The Past ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Relevant Factors

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess if the GOC considers relevant factors at all stages of its deliberations into misconduct, as required by the determinations in the cases of Cohen, Zygmunt, and Azzam, and to assess whether those circumstances described in the Hearings Guidance and Indicative Sanctions as warranting removal of an optician from the relevant registers lead to that outcome. Design/methodology/approach The consideration of specific factors in determining impairment of fitness to practise was compared with their subsequent consideration when determining the severity of sanction. Additionally, cases that highlighted aggravating circumstances deemed as serious enough to warrant removal were monitored. Pearson’s χ2 test was used to detect any variation from the expected distribution of data. Findings In total, 42 cases met the inclusion criteria. Each of the four factors considered was more likely to be heard when determining sanction having first been factored in to the consideration of impairment. Where risk of harm was identified as an aspect of an optician’s misconduct, the sanctions of suspension or removal were no more likely to be imposed. Where dishonesty was involved, they were more likely to result in suspension or removal. Originality/value The GOC do, in general, factor the rulings of High Court appeal cases into their deliberations on the impairment of fitness to practice and, where dishonesty is involved, consider their own guidance in determining which sanction to apply. The authors were unable to show that placing the safety of patients at risk was more likely to result in removal from the register.

Success in the Shadow of Failure: UN Mediation in Yemen (2011–2015)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Zuzana Hudáková
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Mediation Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Step Down ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Relevant Factors

Abstract Over the past few years, Yemen has become synonymous with mediation failure. This contrasts sharply with the situation in the early 2010s, when the United Nations played a crucial role in persuading Yemen’s long-serving President, Ali Abdullah Saleh, to step down from power and, at least initially, successfully steered the country during the ensuing political transition. By analyzing UN mediation efforts during the mandate of Special Adviser Jamal Benomar, the article draws attention to the multiple shifting benchmarks for success. It adopts a phase-differentiated approach to mediation evaluation, which not only allows for recognition of earlier successes, but also enables an analysis of relevant factors influencing mediation success or failure in different stages of the mediation process. In the final instance, the analysis suggests that the eventual failure of UN mediation in Yemen can be traced to conflict and contextual factors rather than the mediator or the mediation process.

Understanding Molecular Process and Chemotherapeutics for the Management of Breast Cancer.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Neeraj Masand ◽  
Vaishali M. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Molecular Classification ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Molecular Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Molecular Etiology ◽  
Near Future

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common and highly heterogeneous neoplastic disease comprised of several subtypes with distinct molecular etiology and clinical behaviours. The mortality observed over the past few decades and the failure in eradicating the disease is due to the lack of specific etiology, molecular mechanisms involved in initiation and progression of breast cancer. Understanding of the molecular classes of breast cancer may also lead to new biological insights and eventually to better therapies. The promising therapeutic targets and novel anti-cancer approaches emerging from these molecular targets that could be applied clinically in the near future are being highlighted. In addition, this review discusses some of the details of current molecular classification and available chemotherapeutics

Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Meta-Analytic Findings

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110139
Author(s):  
Alexandra D. Kaplan ◽  
Theresa T. Kessler ◽  
J. Christopher Brill ◽  
P. A. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
Shared Context ◽  
Build Systems ◽  
Significant Factors

Objective The present meta-analysis sought to determine significant factors that predict trust in artificial intelligence (AI). Such factors were divided into those relating to (a) the human trustor, (b) the AI trustee, and (c) the shared context of their interaction. Background There are many factors influencing trust in robots, automation, and technology in general, and there have been several meta-analytic attempts to understand the antecedents of trust in these areas. However, no targeted meta-analysis has been performed examining the antecedents of trust in AI. Method Data from 65 articles examined the three predicted categories, as well as the subcategories of human characteristics and abilities, AI performance and attributes, and contextual tasking. Lastly, four common uses for AI (i.e., chatbots, robots, automated vehicles, and nonembodied, plain algorithms) were examined as further potential moderating factors. Results Results showed that all of the examined categories were significant predictors of trust in AI as well as many individual antecedents such as AI reliability and anthropomorphism, among many others. Conclusion Overall, the results of this meta-analysis determined several factors that influence trust, including some that have no bearing on AI performance. Additionally, we highlight the areas where there is currently no empirical research. Application Findings from this analysis will allow designers to build systems that elicit higher or lower levels of trust, as they require.

Patents for Critical Pharmaceuticals: The AZT Case

1991 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 145-180
Author(s):  
Evan Ackiron
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Incentive System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Incentive Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Monopoly Pricing ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Necessary Evil ◽  
Near Future

Patents and other statutory types of market protections are used in the United States to promote scientific research and innovation. This incentive is especially important in research intensive fields such as the pharmaceutical industry. Unfortunately, these same protections often result in higher monopoly pricing once a successful product is brought to market. Usually this consequence is viewed as the necessary evil of an incentive system that encourages costly research and development by promising large rewards to the successful inventor. However, in the case of the AIDS drug Zidovudine (AZT), the high prices charged by the pharmaceutical company owning the drug have led to public outcry and a re-examination of government incentive systems.This Note traces the evolution of these incentive programs — the patent system, and, to a lesser extent, the orphan drug program — and details the conflicting interests involved in their development. It then demonstrates how the AZT problem brings the interest of providing inventors with incentives for risky innovative efforts into a sharp collision with the ultimate goal of such systems: ensuring that the public has access to the resulting products at a reasonable price. Finally, the Note describes how Congress and the courts have attempted to resolve these problems in the past, and how they might best try to solve the AZT problem in the near future.

scholarly journals An Empirical Study of Holiday Season Discounts: A Comparison Between Third-Party Marketplace Sellers and Fulfilled by Walmart Sellers

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110241
Author(s):  
Ya-Ling Chiu ◽  
Yuan-Teng Hsu ◽  
Xiaoyu Mao ◽  
Jying-Nan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Price Discounts ◽  
Online Retailers ◽  
Holiday Season ◽  
Over Time

When online retailers allow third-party sellers to place certain products on their platforms, these sellers become not only collaborators but also competitors. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences in price discounts between Third-Party Marketplace (3PM) sellers and Fulfilled by Walmart (FBW) sellers on Walmart.com over time. The results, based on data collected in the form of the daily prices of 54,162 products offered by Walmart during the holiday season, show that the average discount for 3PM sellers is significantly lower than that for FBW sellers. In addition, across product categories, FBW sellers had significantly higher average discounts than 3PM sellers in the electronics, housewares, and toys categories. Furthermore, the level of discount began to increase in early November and peaked around Christmas. Our findings may help retailers manage their dealings with these third-party sellers while also helping consumers to optimize their purchasing decisions.

Turning Discounts Into Profits: Factors Influencing Online Purchasing Decisions for Hotel Add-on Items

2020 ◽  
pp. 193896552093539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther L. Kim ◽  
Sarah Tanford
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Mental Accounting ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Impulse Buying ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Price Discount ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Impulse Buying Tendency

A hotel website exclusive discount is widely adopted by major chain hotels to increase the volume of direct bookings. Although the traditional purpose of a discount promotion is to attract customers to the business, this research suggests that a hotel website exclusive price discount can induce consumers’ additional spending. Principles of mental accounting and two thinking styles (analytic vs. holistic) predict different effects of a price discount and the add-on product type by individual thinking styles. A quasi-experiment investigated the effect of an unexpected discount, relatedness of add-on item to a hotel stay, and individual thinking styles on add-on purchasing. The mediating role of impulse buying was subsequently examined using the PROCESS model. The effect of a price discount and the relatedness of add-on item are significant for analytic thinkers, whereas holistic thinkers report higher likelihood to purchase add-on items regardless of relatedness. Holistic thinkers’ likelihood to purchase is enhanced through an impulse buying tendency. The findings provide further evidence for the role of individual differences in response to pricing tactics by suggesting that a price promotion increases add-on purchases for analytic thinkers, whereas promoting a sense of impulsiveness can be more effective for holistic thinkers.

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