scholarly journals Neurocognitive and Neuroarchitectural Changes in the Prefrontal Cortex of Wistar Rats Treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Olufunke Dosumu ◽  
◽  
Edidiong Akang ◽  
Edem Edem ◽  
Samuel Afolayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Right

The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy has proven to be highly effective in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, its impact on cognition has not been fully explored. This study was designed to assess the impacts of antiretroviral therapy on cognitive function and histoarchitecture of the prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats. Forty adult male Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control, tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz (n=10), which received 1 ml distilled water and 6 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg and 12 mg/kg, respectively. Spatial memory scores were assessed using the Y-maze test. Following behavioural studies, the animals were euthanized, and their whole brains harvested. The prefrontal cortex was sectioned and processed for oxidative stress, histological and immunohistochemical analyses. There was a significant decrease in percentage alternation evaluated from the right/wrong decisions scored from the tenofovir and lamivudine groups, compared to the control group (p<0.05). malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were elevated following lamivudine and tenofovir exposure in the rats’ prefrontal cortices, respectively, compared to control (p<0.05). There were also significant alterations of cortical pyramidal cells in the tenofovir and lamivudine groups. Additionally, marked astrogliosis with increased glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was observed, consistent with the structural alterations, especially in the lamivudine group. Our findings suggest that, of the three highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) drugs studied, lamivudine may be a major culprit in the progressive neurological damage and cognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals on HAART.

Osteonecrosis of the knee in a patient receiving antiretroviral therapy

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 792-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
S H Allen ◽  
A L Moore ◽  
M J Tyrer ◽  
B J Holloway ◽  
M A Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Avascular Osteonecrosis ◽  
Antiretroviral Agents ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
The Right

A case of avascular osteonecrosis of the right knee is described in a patient with HIV infection. The patient had been receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy for two years prior to presentation. Osteonecrosis is an uncommon albeit serious complication of HIV infection and is associated with use of antiretroviral agents.

scholarly journals Examination of Haematotoxicity of Fixed-Dose Highly Active Antiretroviral Drug in Albino Wistar Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Thomas Nubila ◽  
Ernest O. Ukaejiofo ◽  
Nkoyo I. Nubila ◽  
Godfrey I. Okorie
Keyword(s):  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Significant Difference

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is considered toxic and has other life-threatening side effects. Our aim was to evaluate the haematotoxic effects of lamivudine, zidovudine, and nevirapine fixed-dose combinations in Albino Wistar rats. Fifty (50) three (3) months old male Albino Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were randomly assigned to five (5) groups (A, B, C, D, and E). Group A served as control. Two (2 mLs) of venous blood was aseptically collected on Days 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 of treatment. Red blood cell (RBC) mean value recorded statistically significant increase () in groups B and C when compared with the control group on Day 5. However, there was a statistically significant decrease () in RBC, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and some red cell indices on Day 10. In addition there was no statistically significant difference () in all the parameters evaluated when the test group was compared with the control on Day 25. Furthermore, there was a time-related statistically significant increase () in the two major blood cells—RBC and platelet counts. From the result of this present study, it can be concluded that HAART when administered in fixed-dose combinations have no subacute haematotoxic effects.

scholarly journals Nutritional assessment and lipid profile in HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Hjertquist Tremeschin ◽  
Daniela Saes Sartorelli ◽  
Maria Célia Cervi ◽  
Bento Vidal de Moura Negrini ◽  
Roberta Garcia Salomão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Healthy Control

INTRODUCTION: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens that include a protease inhibitor (PI) can show significant improvements in clinical outcomes, nutritional status and quality of life. The study aimed to report nutritional and metabolic alterations for pediatric patients continuously exposed to HAART and for healthy controls for up to 1 year. METHODS: Clinical, anthropometric, lipid profile and food intake data were collected prospectively over approximately 12-months for each patient. RESULTS: Fifty-one individuals were studied, of these, 16 were healthy. After 12 months follow-up, HIV-positive individuals remained below the healthy control group parameters. No change was observed concerning food intake. Triglyceride serum levels were higher in patients using protease inhibitor at the onset of the study [PI groups: 114 (43 - 336), and 136 (63 - 271) versus control group: 54.5 (20 - 162); p = 0.003], but after twelve months follow-up, only the group using protease inhibitor for up to two months presented higher values [140 (73 - 273) versus 67.5 (33 - 117); p = 0.004]. HDL-cholesterol was lower in HIV-positive individuals [HIV-positive groups: 36 (27 - 58) and 36 (23 - 43); control 49.5 (34 - 69); p = 0.004]. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy showed compromised nutritional parameters compared to a paired healthy control group. Individuals using protease inhibitor presented worse triglyceride serum levels compared to their healthy counterparts.

scholarly journals Anti-fertility effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) seed in male Wistar rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esrafil Mansouri ◽  
Majid Asadi-Samani ◽  
Wesam Kooti ◽  
Maryam Ghasemiboroon ◽  
Damoon Ashtary-Larky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Fertility Effect ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Right

AbstractIntroduction: The study aimed to investigate the anti-fertility effect of fennel (Foeniculim vulgare Mill) seed extract in male rats.Material and Methods: Forty Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups. The control group received distilled water and the experimental groups were orally administered 1 ml of hydro-alcoholic extract of fennel seed in four doses of 35, 70, 140, and 280 mg/kg/b.w. daily for 60 days. After the last gavage, the rats were anaesthetised and the caudal part of the right epididymis was used for sperm counting. After fixation of the testes, microscopic sections were prepared and histological changes were evaluated.Results: The number of spermatogonia after doses of 140 and 280 mg/kg and Sertoli cells after a dose of 140 mg/kg decreased significantly as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The number of primary spermatocytes and sperm count decreased significantly in the experimental groups (70, 140, and 280 mg/kg) when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, thickening of the basement membrane, cell apoptosis, and irregular arrangement of the germinal epithelium were observed in the experimental groups.Conclusion: Hydro-alcoholic fennel seed extract at these doses could reduce reproductivity and has anti-fertility activity in male rats.

scholarly journals Pharmacist-strengthen Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy and the Contributing Factors among HIV-infected Paediatric Patients in Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Shakirat Tyabo Bello
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Drug Adherence ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Adherence Level ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Antiretroviral Medication ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
The Right

Introduction: Children adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) not only creates a problem for the treated children, but also for their caregivers and healthcare providers. The objective of this study was to determine adherence level and evaluate factors associated with better drug adherence among HIV-infected children in Nigeria.Methods: Adherence to HAART was determined prospectively among HIV-infected children attending HAART Clinic in the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Adherence level was measured using self-reported method and patients medical folders. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with better drug adherence among the children.Results: In the eighty children studied, mean age at baseline was 2.16±0.74 years and 60% were males. Baseline adherence level was 74.0% which improved to 98.0% over the course of 8-months follow-up intervention by the pharmacist (p<0.043). Forgetfulness of caregivers to administer antiretroviral medication at the right time to the children was the highest reason for non- adherence. Factors associated with better drug adherence were duration on HAART (OR 1.201; 0.253-1.144, p< 0.003), age (OR 0.540; 0.162-1.006, p < 0.001), type of regimen (OR 0.222; 0.134-1.356, p< 0.046) and heavier weights (OR 1.559; 0.403-1.826, p < 0.023).Conclusions: Following pharmacist’s intervention coupled with other factors, adherence to HAART was strengthened with significant improvement in the children medication-taking behaviour.Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2017; 28(1) : 5-12

scholarly journals Effects of coffee (Coffea arabica) consumption on the femoral morphology and biomechanics in rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (01) ◽  
pp. 042-047
Author(s):  
M. Santos ◽  
J. Pagani ◽  
T. Silva ◽  
J. Garcia ◽  
M. Romào ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bone Properties ◽  
Bone Width ◽  
Femoral Morphology ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Right ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Abstract Introduction: Coffee consumption has proved to be harmful to osseous tissue integrity, thus, diminishing bone resistance. Considering the great number of individuals consuming coffee daily, therefore, the present study aims to demonstrate the effects of coffee on the femoral morphology and biomechanics resistance in Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were chosen for the experiment, divided into two groups (n = 10), as to know, CT (control) group, to which was offered water diet ad libitum; and, CF (coffee) group, to which was offered coffee as liquid diet. After 60 days, the animals had their blood analyzed for serum calcium level, they were euthanized and the right femurs were collected for histological procedure and the left ones were isolated for bone measures and mechanical test. Results: CF group animals do not present malnutrition or dehydration. Femur dimensions, trabecular bone width and cortical width analyses shown to be lower for CF group. Material and structural properties of the femurs of CF group animals demonstrate that this group presents weaker bones than those of CT group. Conclusion: The findings in the present study allow us to confirm that coffee consumption interferes negatively on the material and structural bone properties, diminishes trabecular and cortical bone density, and hence making bones more fragile and likely to fractures. So, due to the great number of individuals consuming coffee daily, it is important to reduce this consume on order to prevent bone trauma.

scholarly journals Action of tacrolimus on Wistar rat kidneys implanted with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Machado Inácio ◽  
Ulrich Andréas Dietz ◽  
Osvaldo Malafaia ◽  
Jurandir Marcondes Ribas Filho ◽  
Paulo Afonso Nunes Nassif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Walker 256 Carcinosarcoma ◽  
Tumor Group ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Walker 256 ◽  
The Right

PURPOSE: To evaluate the development of Walker 256 tumor in male Wistar rats treated with tacrolimus using an experimental kidney tumor model. METHODS: 40 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Tumor group (TU) (n=10), Tacrolimus-Tumor group (TT) (n=10), Tacrolimus group (TC) (n=10) and Control group (C) (n=10). Treatment with tacrolimus was performed in groups TT and TC. Under anesthesia, the right kidney of each animal of TU and TT was accessed through a supraumbilical incision and inoculated with a 0.1mL solution containing 2x10(6) tumor cells (Walker 256 carcinosarcoma tumor cells). Group TC was treated with a saline solution. All the animals of groups TC and TT were treated with tacrolimus (5mg/kg/day) by gavage for 15 days. TU group animals received saline by gavage for 15 days. On the 15th postoperative day, all animals were submitted to euthanasia and blood sampling for analysis of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Abdominal gross examination was performed, the right kidney removed and prepared for histological analysis by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The resulting data were submitted to statistical analysis by ANOVA. RESULTS: Statistical significance was found when comparing creatinine level between groups TU, TT and TC -TT group culminated with a marked increased in creatinine levels (Cr=1.013 ± 0.3028 mg/mL), TU group (Cr=0.5670 ± 0.03536 mg/dL) P=0.00256, TC group (Cr =0.711 ± 0.1653 mg/mL) P= 0.02832. Statistical significance was found when comparing BUN levels in TT group (71.32 ± 17.14 mg/mL), compared with TU group (45.83 ± 5.046 mg/dL), P=0.000318. There were no statistically significant differences between groups TT and TC (61.23 ± 9.503 mg/mL) P=0.7242. Histological analysis showed a poor evolution in TT group with multiple foci of hemorrhage and cortical invasion by the Walker tumor. CONCLUSION: The Tacrolimus-treated group developed a more aggressive tumor and a drug-related nephrotoxic effect.

scholarly journals Blood Cell Membrane Fluidity and Intracellular Ca2+Changes in Antiretroviral-Naïve and -Treated HIV-1–Infected Patients

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 350-355
Author(s):  
Nuno C. Santos ◽  
J. Martins e Silva ◽  
Teresa Freitas ◽  
M. Doroana ◽  
N. Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Cell Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Hiv 1

We previously showed that lymphocytes and erythrocytes of HIV-1–infected patients, prior to antiretroviral therapy, presented significant changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]int) and membrane fluidity. The present study evaluates the same parameters after response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Blood samples were collected from patients prior to and after antiretroviral therapy, and from control subjects. Membrane fluidity and [Ca2+]intwere assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy measurements, using three different probes: TMA-DPH and DPH for membrane fluidity, and fura-2 for Ca2+. When compared with the control group, both untreated and treated patients presented increased lymphocyte [Ca2+]intand decreased lymphocyte membrane fluidity, without significant differences between the two groups of patients. On the contrary, the therapy reversed the membrane fluidity variations observed in erythrocytes. The decreased erythrocyte [Ca2+]intof untreated patients was not reversed by HAART. AIDS patients present changes in lymphocyte (mostly noninfected) and erythrocyte properties, partially reversed by HAART, consistent with a process of facilitated propagation of the infection to new cells, stimulation of virion production, and maintenance of a reservoir of erythrocyte-bound infectious virus. These observations can be related with the action of the HIV Nef protein in the cell's proteins and lipid composition, as well as with the recently observed cell infection by HIV-1 via endocytosis.

scholarly journals Platelet-rich plasma in bone repair of irradiated tibiae of Wistar rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emne Hammoud Gumieiro ◽  
Márcio Abrahão ◽  
Ricardo Schmitutz Jahn ◽  
Helena Segretto ◽  
Maria Tereza de Seixas Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Regeneration Period ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Cellular Regeneration ◽  
Histological Processing ◽  
The Right

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of PRP addition on bone repair of circular defects created in irradiated tibiae of rats by histometric analysis. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats had the right tibiae irradiated with 30 Gy. After 30 days monocortical defects were created and platelet-rich plasma was applied in 30 rats. In the control group defects were created but not filled. The animals were desanguinated after 4, 7, 14, 21, 56 and 84 days and the tibiae removed for histological processing. RESULTS: There was a tendency in the PRP group to increased bone neoformation from 14-days to 84-days; in the control group increased bone neoformation was not seen after 21 days or later. CONCLUSION: The addition of platelet-rich plasma had a beneficial effect in the initial cellular regeneration period and enhanced bone formation in later periods when compared to control.

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