scholarly journals Reconciling Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism: The North African Leadership Dilemma

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Radwa Saad
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Effective Leadership ◽  
The State ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
African Leadership ◽  
Arab Israeli Conflict

The purpose of this research to examine the challenges Arab leaders face in simultaneously adhering to Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism and extract conditions in which the two ideologies can be reconciled to produce mutual benefits. This study poses the question: what strategies do North-African leaders deploy to balance their Pan-Arab and Pan-African commitments and what repercussions do these strategies have on the state of Arab-African relations? By drawing on two scenarios where Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism conflicted, namely the 1967-1979 Arab-Israeli Conflict and the 2011 Libyan civil war, it will highlight the role leadership can play in mediating such tensions. The study finds that it is only through the decrease of hegemonic pursuits and the increase in effective leadership processes both domestically and regionally that the two ideologies can coexist.

scholarly journals Courage and Cowardice in the North African Campaign: The Eighth Army and Defeat in the Summer of 1942

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Fennell
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Dimension ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
High Level ◽  
Eighth Army

High rates of desertion and surrender during the battles in North Africa in the summer of 1942 were a major factor in Eighth Army’s poor combat performance. At the time, some suggested that these problems were symptomatic of a lack of courage or even of cowardice. There are two broad strands to the conceptualization of courage and cowardice. One focuses on the willingness of the person to fight; the other puts emphasis on how actions express an individual’s ability to cope with fear. Whichever conceptualization is used, high morale motivates the soldier to fight and shields the ordinary recruit from his fear, preventing it from overcoming him in battle. Where morale fails, the soldier is left demotivated and burdened with his terror and, therefore, and is therefore prone to desertion or surrender. Because it is extremely difficult to maintain morale at a continuously high level in an environment governed by chance and managed by humans, all soldiers can find themselves in situations where their actions may be judged as cowardly. Alternatively, if they are properly motivated to fight and prepared by the state and military to deal with the unavoidable fear of combat, all soldiers can be labelled courageous. Accordingly, emotive terms should be avoided when attempting to describe rationally explainable outcomes. The undoubtedly negative connotations attached to cowardice in battle and the positive ones attached to courage are, therefore, arguably unhelpful in understanding Eighth Army’s performance in the summer of 1942 and the human dimension in warfare more generally.

The Civil War in Arkansas, 1862

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-168
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Cutrer
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Effective Leadership ◽  
The State ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Partisan Warfare

The Civil War in Arkansas in 1862 saw only two major battles, at Pea Pidge (or Elkhorn Tavern) and Prairie Grove, both of which were substantial Union victories. But of at least equal importance, the war in this sparsely populated, largely rural and impoverished region was characterized by deep and bitter divisions in loyalties of the states’ citizens, the marked indifference of the administration of Confederate Pres. Jefferson Davis in Richmond, and a notable lack of effective leadership and cooperation among the various Confederate generals. The result was the loss of the state to the Southern cause and the onset of brutal partisan warfare behind the lines between secessionist and Unionist neighbors.

scholarly journals The fate of the Russian archaeologist at the era-breaking time

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
Mironenko Maria P. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
The State ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
The North ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
Russian North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Breaking Time ◽  
Written Sources

The article is devoted to the fate of an archaeologist, historian, employee of the Rumyantsev Museum, local historian, head of the section for the protection of museums and monuments of art and antiquities in Arkhangelsk, member and active participant of the Arkhangelsk Church Archaeological Committee and the Arkhangelsk Society for the Study of Russian North K.N. Lyubarsky (1886–1920). The Department of Written Sources of the State Historical Museum stores his archive, which sheds light on the history of his struggle to protect churches and other monuments of art and culture dying in the North of Russia during the revolution and civil war, for the creation of the Arkhangelsk Regional Museum.

scholarly journals A possible model of the Paleozoic sedimentary basins evolution at the North African platform

2017 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
M. Sh. Zamil
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Dual Model ◽  
Magmatic Activity ◽  
North African ◽  
Early Precambrian ◽  
Early Proterozoic ◽  
Late Proterozoic ◽  
The North ◽  
Pan African

A dual model of the Paleozoic basins development, disposing on the Late Proterozoic (Pan-African) and the Early Proterozoic (Eburnean) crust, has been proposed. The formation of the first group basins is connected with the subsiding of the sections of the cooling gneissic-domes of«rejuvenated» (Early Precambrian but tectonically reworked at the end of the Proterozoic) Pan-African crust. Accordingly, the development of the second group basins is a result of the Precambrian deep sited (mantle) magmatic chambers cooling and subsiding together with the sites of the old lithosphere, covering them. The manifestation of the Vendian volcanic units on Anti-Atlas, Ugarta, Regibat-Eglab uplifts is the most possible evidence of the mantle magmatic activity, which could create those chambers.

The Fatimid Eunuchs and their Sphere1

2019 ◽  
pp. 253-284
Author(s):  
Taef El-Azhari
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
North African ◽  
Political Ambition ◽  
The North

The Fatimids had followed the Abbasid tradition of using eunuchs in their caliphate, but they exceeded them in every way. The 10th -11th century could be named, the age of eunuchs. They became deputy to the caliph. Tutor to heir apparent, army commander, and de facto ruler of the realm. One do examine such impact on politics and Isma‘ili doctrine alike. Especially that we have the exceptional memoirs of chief eunuch Jawdhar during the North African stage. Although eunuchs were hired by their masters due to their non-existing political ambition, and absolute loyalty; one see them express their hunger for power, and dominate the state from beginning to end, which influenced Saladin to follow the same tradition when he succeeded the Fatimids in Egypt.

scholarly journals Book Review: Modern Conflict in the Greater Middle East

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Sally Moffitt
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
North African ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
North African Countries

Modern Conflict in the Greater Middle East, edited by Spencer C. Tucker, dates modern conflicts between and among twenty-two countries from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1918 to when the book went to press in 2016, with no end in sight for the civil war in Syria, much less for peace between Israel and the Palestinians. Linked by religious and cultural affinities, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the North African countries of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia are included as part of a lately considered greater Middle East, as are Cyprus, Iran, and Turkey. A brief overview of the historical events out of which the geopolitical greater Middle East emerged sets the stage for the seemingly intractable modern conflict of the volume’s title.

Political and Military Obstacles to the North African Regional Capability

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-398
Author(s):  
Colin D. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
North Africa ◽  
North African ◽  
Military Cooperation ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Interest

It appears almost certain that the African Standby Force as originally imagined will never deploy. All five regions have, however, improved military cooperation and gained significant Western investment, strengthening well-positioned elites. Virtually nothing has eventuated in North Africa, primarily because of lack of regional interest, especially following the fall of Libyan leader Mu'ammar alQadhafi and the ensuing civil war. Regional armies have significant problems with effectiveness; the force should only be retained if it genuinely fosters regional military cooperation.

Skeletochronology and mark–recapture assessments of growth in the North African agamid lizard (Agama impalearis)

1999 ◽  
Vol 249 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
El Hassan El Mouden ◽  
Mohammed Znari ◽  
Richard P. Brown
Keyword(s):  
North African ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Agamid Lizard ◽  
The North

Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries

Antiquity ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (200) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Beatrice De Cardi
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
The State ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.

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