scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY IN THE PRODUCTION OF SECOND GENERATION ALCOHOL

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. e1643
Author(s):  
Beatriz Beca Figueiredo ◽  
Francisco Ignácio Giocondo César
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
The Subject

The use of biofuels, such as ethanol, is seen as a viable alternative, due to the growing need for alternative clean energy sources, research on the subject has been intensified, especially when it comes to fuels, the search for a reduction in energy consumption. The rate of gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, therefore, makes it necessary to replace fossil fuels with clean and renewable fuels. The 2nd. Generation (E2G), compared to 1st Ethanol. Generation (E1G), has shown significant environmental and social gains, as it is produced from waste, uses less natural resources and energy. Within this context, this work aims to analyze the efficiency and economic viability of the production of second generation alcohol – E2G. Based on an exploratory bibliographic research, in the following databases, academic google and web of Science, in articles published on the topic discussed here, from 2010 onwards. second-generation alcohol with first-generation alcohol, to discover its economic viability and production efficiency.

Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of Adopting Clean Energy Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Razi ◽  
Yousaf Ali
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Alternative Solutions

These days, the excessive industrialization, elevated levels of pollution, and the increased energy crisis has led nations towards the use of renewable energy sources. Through the use of renewable energy sources, global warming can also be decreased, which is currently the biggest environmental issue worldwide. Pakistan, being a developing country, relies on the use of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity. The alarming increase in population, energy consumption per capita and energy wastages lead to a shortfall. To resolve this crucial issue, the alternative solutions considered include the use of renewable sources of energy such as hydro, solar and wind. The use of these renewable energy sources is governed by various environmental, economic and social parameters. The influence of these parameters on the use of renewable energy sources is studied through the use of DEMATEL and revised DEMATEL techniques.

scholarly journals Solar Assisted Power Generation System in Hot Desert Climate: A Cost-Benefit Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi Alahmadi ◽  
◽  
Kamel Almutairi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems

With the increasing global concerns about greenhouse gas emissions caused by the extensive use of fossil fuels, many countries are investing in the deployment of clean energy sources. The utilization of abundant solar energy is one of the fastest growing deployed renewable sources due its technological maturity and economic competitivity. In addition to report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), many studies have suggested that the maturity of solar energy systems will continue to develop, which will increase their economic viability. The focus of analysis in this paper is countries with hot desert climates since they are the best candidates for solar energy systems. The capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh is used as the case study due to the country’s ambitious goals in this field. The main purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze the stochastic behavior and probabilistic distribution of solar irradiance in order to accurately estimate the expected power output of solar systems. A solar Photovoltaic (PV) module is used for the analysis due to its practicality and widespread use in utility-scale projects. In addition to the use of a break-even analysis to estimate the economic viability of solar PV systems in hot desert climates, this paper estimates the indifference point at which the economic feasibility of solar PV systems is justified, compared with the fossil-based systems. The numerical results show that the break-even point of installing one KW generation capacity of a solar PV system is estimated to pay off after producing 16,827 KWh, compared to 15,422 KWh for the case of fossil-based systems. However, the increased cost of initial investment in solar PV systems deployment starts to be economically justified after producing 41,437 KWh.

scholarly journals Ca4Sb2O and Ca4Bi2O: Two Promising Mixed-Anion Thermoelectrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warda Rahim ◽  
Jonathan Skelton ◽  
David O Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Burden ◽  
Widespread Interest

The environmental burden of fossil fuels and the rising impact of global warming have created an urgent need for sustainable clean energy sources. This has led to widespread interest in...

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF NON-LOCAL ACTIVATION AND ASSOCIATED WATER PHASE PARA-STATE ON AN AQUATIC ORGANISMS DAPHNIA MAGNA LIFETIME

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1251-1256
Author(s):  
T. I. Iksanova ◽  
D. B. Kamenetskya ◽  
A. A. Stekhin ◽  
G. V. Yakovleva ◽  
M. G. Kochetkova
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
Water Activation ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Quantum Coupling ◽  
Local Water

Introduction. The work is devoted to the study of associated water phase magnetic state influence, represented by amorphous ice with a modified ratio of isomers in the increasing of para-water proportion, and non-local water activation based on the technology of non-local quantum water conjugation with the production activating process, on the vital hydrobionts Daphnia magna signs. Material and methods. The studies were carried out using non-locally activated drinking water “Si” and a para-water concentrate prepared in hypomagnetic conditions at a residual magnetic flux density not more than 20ntl according to the manufacturer’s technology. The para-water concentrate was introduced into the hydrobionts medium in the ratio of 9 ml per 1 liter of water under study. To obtain offspring, individuals were used, derived on the settled tap water (1st generation) and individuals, derived on the water “Si” - 2nd generation. One-day individuals of Daphnia magna were placed in the amount of 20pcs/l of the studied water and the entire life cycle were kept in optimal conditions: climatostat P-2 (temperature - 20±1°C, illumination - 1200-2500lux, photoperiod - 12/12) hour. Feeding of Daphnia was carried out by Chlorella microalgae grown on the medium “Tamiya”-50% with a density D=0.65-0.72. Results. The life expectancy of Daphnia magna hydrobionts in the non-locally activated environment (water “Si”) increases by an average of 38 days in the first generation and 50 days in the second generation, and in an environment with a potentiating additive para-water associates for 58 days (first generation) and 41 days (second generation).The life expectancy of aquatic animals is related by negative correlation with the change in values of the oxidation-reductant potential (Eh) of the environment of hydrobionts development (Corr.=-0.993 (1st generation). Both non-local water activation and spin-modification of its associated phase by para-isomers demonstrate an increase in the hydrobionts productivity: - in non-locally activated water - 1.20 (1st generation) and 2.68 (2nd generation); - in non-locally activated water with the addition of para-water - 1.39 (1st generation) and 1.97 (2nd generation) times. Conclusion. From the results it follows that the determining factor in the hydrobionts medium is its quantum coupling with electron sources in the external environment. This determines the importance of water quantum coupling with natural ecosystems, affecting cellular metabolism. Spin para modification of the associated water phase leads to an additional increase in the hydrobionts life expectancy in the first generation. In the second generation, the influence of para-water is accompanied by some decrease in both the life hydrobionts expectancy and their productivity.

scholarly journals Identity and belonging formations of second generation Portuguese

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jani Maria Ferreira Trindale
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Children Of Immigrants ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
The Subject

My paper investigates eight second generation Portuguese from the ages of 18 to 30, across the GTA, and attempts to explore how second generation Portuguese negotiate their identity and sense of belonging in an ever-changing social environment. While there is extensive literature on the settlement experiences of the first generation Portuguese, there is mininmal information on how second generation Portuguese have integrated within the Canadian mainstream. Therfore, this analysis aims to follow the contours of negotiation among the second generation Portuguese, paying particular attention to the formation of identity and constructions of belonging. In addition, this research will seek to answer on mininmal level, other questions on the subject. For instance, how are Portuguese Canadians forming and reforming their ethnic identity? What cost and benefits are involved in belonging/not belonging to groups? How do people maintain individuality within groups?Children of immigrants

Characteristic Motion Signatures Derived From the Theken eDisc Under Multi-Axial Loading

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Price ◽  
Brian E. Rich ◽  
Christopher P. Cole ◽  
Richard R. Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Complex Loading ◽  
Disc Arthroplasty ◽  
Human Spine ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Improve Patient

The motions and loads experienced by the human spine are complex and have been the subject of much study over the years. The emerging field of intervertebral disc arthroplasty offers products that must function within this complex loading environment over long periods of time. So called “first generation” intervertebral disc designs accomplish this through one or more articulating surfaces. Second generation artificial discs attempt to mimic the multi-axial disc motion and stiffness exhibited by the natural human disc. The eDisc not only provides this type of viscoelastic motion, but also provides the first capability to sense loads and motions to improve patient outcomes.

scholarly journals Review of Anodic Catalysts for SO2 Depolarized Electrolysis for “Green Hydrogen” Production

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Díaz-Abad ◽  
María Millán ◽  
Manuel A. Rodrigo ◽  
Justo Lobato
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electrolysis Cell ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Near Future

In the near future, primary energy from fossil fuels should be gradually replaced with renewable and clean energy sources. To succeed in this goal, hydrogen has proven to be a very suitable energy carrier, because it can be easily produced by water electrolysis using renewable energy sources. After storage, it can be fed to a fuel cell, again producing electricity. There are many ways to improve the efficiency of this process, some of them based on the combination of the electrolytic process with other non-electrochemical processes. One of the most promising is the thermochemical hybrid sulphur cycle (also known as Westinghouse cycle). This cycle combines a thermochemical step (H2SO4 decomposition) with an electrochemical one, where the hydrogen is produced from the oxidation of SO2 and H2O (SO2 depolarization electrolysis, carried out at a considerably lower cell voltage compared to conventional electrolysis). This review summarizes the different catalysts that have been tested for the oxidation of SO2 in the anode of the electrolysis cell. Their advantages and disadvantages, the effect of platinum (Pt) loading, and new tendencies in their use are presented. This is expected to shed light on future development of new catalysts for this interesting process.

Diffusion, Transport and Water Absorption Properties of Eco-Friendly Polymer Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 222-231
Author(s):  
Mehmet Harbi Calimli ◽  
Busra Balli ◽  
Esra Kuyuldar ◽  
Fatih Sen
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Diffusion Transport ◽  
Sustainable Resources

The availability of sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources is one of the biggest challenges faced by scientists and engineering communities. First of all, the fossil fuels used to meet existing energy demands cause the depletion of resources, the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, and eventually destruction of nature. Polymers have many industrial application areas due to the ease of processing, the reasonable price and the ability to modify with the desired features. Biopolymers have become a focus of attention in terms of the polymer sector because biomass can be separated into harmless products such as CO2 and H2O in the natural environment and can have sustainable resources. The studies on biomass and hydrogen fuel cells are more advantageous than other alternative and clean energy sources because they have the continuous energy supply, compact design, and wide application areas without being dependent on nature. In practice, the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are pinched among the other fuel cells. For this purpose, in this chapter diffusion, transport and water absorption properties of eco-friendly polymer composites generally used are discussed.

Four generations of nuclear physicists

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-94 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Industrial Societies

TO review the course of nuclear physics over many decades of time in the space of an hour’s talk and yet leave time for predicting its future requires a rather impressionistic technique in the presentation. I have chosen as my time markers the human generations which, as I hope you will see, also mark distinct phases in the development of the subject. Conventionally, a generation spans twenty-five years; hence a hundred years covers four generations. The first generation was that of Rutherford and Bohr, followed in the second generation by Heisenberg, Pauli, Blackett, Fermi and their contemporaries, many of whom are here today. The third generation is represented by the nuclear physicists of my own age and finally the fourth generation are those young physicists, now about 25 years old, on whom the development of this subject will depend in the next twenty-five years. I will try to trace through these generations four main themes each of which, in different ways, affects the future of nuclear physics. Firstly, and most importantly, the progress of the research itself; secondly, the development of the research apparatus; thirdly, the evolution of the organization of the research and lastly, the relationships between nuclear physics and the industrial societies which support it.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF AGROENERGY RESIDUES FOR THE GENERATION OF BIOGS IN THE STATE OF TOCANTINS

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Denise Domingos dos Santos Martins ◽  
Juan Carlos Valdés Serra
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Generation Capacity ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Interesting Alternative

Concerns over the depletion of traditional fossil energy sources and the consequent greenhouse effect generated by the use of fossil fuels have increased, creating a need to search for alternative sources of clean energy. Thus, this work had the objective of portraying the potential of residues from agroenergy in the State of Tocantins for generation of Biogas. This article was developed under the principle of the exploratory study, through data surveys from the State. The agroenergy residues researched were soybean, cassava (manioc), rice, sugarcane, maize, sorghum and beans. The energy potential of the studied  residues represents 3.56% of the energy generation capacity by biomass sources. The source of highest agroenergy potential for biogas generation was maize, with an energy capacity of 498.90 MW. The use of biomass as an energy source presents itself as an interesting alternative in the survey carried throughout this work.

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