Multispecies and Watershed Approaches to Freshwater Fish Conservation

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Projected Change ◽  
Stream Conservation ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
A Current

<em>Abstract</em>.—Decision makers are increasingly tasked with developing conservation strategies that incorporate information on current human threats along with projected influences of climate change. In this study, we integrated a current stream habitat condition assessment of the five largest Hawaiian Islands, with information on ecological stream characteristics and projected change in rainfall to support proactive stream conservation. We used the software Zonation to identify reaches of high conservation value, given both current conditions and projected changes in climate. The results of the spatial prioritization show that low-elevation stream reaches with high potential for supporting multiple species and limited current human disturbance may be especially valuable to conservation. In addition, leeward-draining streams may lose value due to reductions in rainfall, underscoring the importance of managing stream base flow in these areas to conserve native stream organisms. Our results provide guidance for conservation planning in Hawaii and highlight the relevance of regionwide assessments when planning proactive management strategies.

scholarly journals Projected Changes in Climate Extremes Using CMIP6 Simulations Over SREX Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-497
Author(s):  
Mansour Almazroui ◽  
Fahad Saeed ◽  
Sajjad Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Azhar Ehsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
First Century ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Annual Maximum ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Projected Change ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractThis paper presents projected changes in extreme temperature and precipitation events by using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) data for mid-century (2036–2065) and end-century (2070–2099) periods with respect to the reference period (1985–2014). Four indices namely, Annual maximum of maximum temperature (TXx), Extreme heat wave days frequency (HWFI), Annual maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation (RX5day), and Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) were investigated under four socioeconomic scenarios (SSP1-2.6; SSP2-4.5; SSP3-7.0; SSP5-8.5) over the entire globe and its 26 Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) regions. The projections show an increase in intensity and frequency of hot temperature and precipitation extremes over land. The intensity of the hottest days (as measured by TXx) is projected to increase more in extratropical regions than in the tropics, while the frequency of extremely hot days (as measured by HWFI) is projected to increase more in the tropics. Drought frequency (as measured by CDD) is projected to increase more over Brazil, the Mediterranean, South Africa, and Australia. Meanwhile, the Asian monsoon regions (i.e., South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia) become more prone to extreme flash flooding events later in the twenty-first century as shown by the higher RX5day index projections. The projected changes in extremes reveal large spatial variability within each SREX region. The spatial variability of the studied extreme events increases with increasing greenhouse gas concentration (GHG) and is higher at the end of the twenty-first century. The projected change in the extremes and the pattern of their spatial variability is minimum under the low-emission scenario SSP1-2.6. Our results indicate that an increased concentration of GHG leads to substantial increases in the extremes and their intensities. Hence, limiting CO2 emissions could substantially limit the risks associated with increases in extreme events in the twenty-first century.

scholarly journals A synthesis of scale-dependent ecology of the endangered mountain caribou in British Columbia, Canada

Rangifer ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Robert Serrouya ◽  
Bruce N. McLellan ◽  
Clayton D. Apps ◽  
Heiko U. Wittmer
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Caribou ◽  
Multi Scale

Mountain caribou are an endangered ecotype of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) that live in highprecipitation, mountainous ecosystems of southeastern British Columbia and northern Idaho. The distribution and abundance of these caribou have declined dramatically from historical figures. Results from many studies have indicated that mountain caribou rely on old conifer forests for several life-history requirements including an abundance of their primary winter food, arboreal lichen, and a scarcity of other ungulates and their predators. These old forests often have high timber value, and understanding mountain caribou ecology at a variety of spatial scales is thus required to develop effective conservation strategies. Here we summarize results of studies conducted at three different spatial scales ranging from broad limiting factors at the population level to studies describing the selection of feeding sites within seasonal home ranges of individuals. The goal of this multi-scale review is to provide a more complete picture of caribou ecology and to determine possible shifts in limiting factors across scales. Our review produced two important results. First, mountain caribou select old forests and old trees at all spatial scales, signifying their importance for foraging opportunities as well as conditions required to avoid alternate ungulates and their predators. Second, relationships differ across scales. For example, landscapes dominated by roads and edges negatively affect caribou survival, but appear to attract caribou during certain times of the year. This juxtaposition of fine-scale behaviour with broad-scale vulnerability to predation could only be identified through integrated multi-scale analyses of resource selection. Consequently we suggest that effective management strategies for endangered species require an integrative approach across multiple spatial scales to avoid a focus that may be too narrow to maintain viable populations. Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag:Skala-avhengig økologi og truet fjellvillrein i Britisk ColumbiaFjellvillreinen i de nedbørsrike fjellområdene i sørøstre Britisk Columbia og nordlige Idaho som er en truet økotype av skogsreinen (Rangifer tarandus caribou), har blitt kraftig redusert både i utbredelse og antall. Mange studier har vist at denne økotypen er avhengig av vinterføden hengelav i gammel barskog hvor det også er få andre klovdyr og dermed få predatorer. Slik skog er også viktige hogstområder, og å forstå økologien til fjellvillreinen i forskjellige skaleringer er derfor nødvendig for å utvikle forvaltningsstrategier som kan berge og ta vare på denne reinen. Artikkelen gir en oversikt over slike arbeider: fra studier av begrensende faktorer på populasjonsnivå til studier av sesongmessige beiteplasser på individnivå. Hensikten er å få frem et mer helhetlig perspektiv på fjellvillreinen og finne hvordan de begrensende faktorene varierer etter skaleringen som er benyttet i studiet. Oversikten vår frembragte to viktige resultater; 1) Uansett skalering så velger dyrene gammel skog og gamle trær. 2) Dyrenes bruk av et område kan variere med benyttet skalering, for eksempel vil landskap utbygd med veier og hogstflater være ufordelaktig for overlevelsen, men synes likevel å kunne tiltrekke fjellvillreinen til visse tider av året. Forholdet mellom atferd ut fra fin-skalering og stor-skalering sårbarhet hva gjelder predasjon, ville kun blitt avdekket ved flere-skaleringsanalyse av hvordan ressursene benyttes. Ut fra dette foreslår vi at forvaltningsstrategier for truete bestander som eksempelvis fjellvillreinen, må baseres på tilnærminger ut fra ulike skaleringer for å hindre at et for snevert perspektiv kan begrense muligheten for vedvarende levedyktighet.

Fishery Resources, Environment, and Conservation in the Mississippi and Yangtze (Changjiang) River Basins

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Danjiangkou Reservoir ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
Fisheries Sustainability ◽  
Hanjiang River ◽  
Major Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—The Hanjiang River is the largest tributary of the Yangtze River and contains Danjiangkou Dam, which forms Danjiangkou Reservoir in the middle and upper reaches of the river. During the past 50 years, fisheries resources have changed significantly in the middle and lower Hanjiang River and in Danjiangkou Reservoir. Spawning grounds for major carps and other commercially important fishes have disappeared. Downstream of Danjiangkou Dam, total egg quantity spawned by major carps and other commercially im portant fishes have decreased while similar measures from small-bodied fishes have increased. Important commercial fishes have experienced delayed spawning times and decreased growth. Overall catches of commercial fishes have decreased downstream of the dam, though increased upstream. Some exotic fishes captured in the Danjiangkou Reservoir were likely escapees from cage-culture fish farms in the reservoir or from land-based fish farms around the reservoir. Changes in fisheries resources were presumed related to reservoir management strategies, which produced a narrower range of year-round water temperatures and caused decreases in seasonal water flow variation downstream, overfishing, and eutrophication in the reservoir. To implement a national water diversion policy in central China, the height of the Danjiangkou Dam was increased 15 m in 2012, which significantly increased the impoundment area of the Danjiangkou Reservoir at the end of 2014. Further changes in fisheries resources can be expected in the future. At the present time, management and conservation strategies for fisheries resources need to be developed to ensure future fisheries sustainability for both the Hanjiang River and the Danjiangkou Reservoir.

scholarly journals Predicting future invaders and future invasions

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (16) ◽  
pp. 7905-7910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Fournier ◽  
Caterina Penone ◽  
Maria Grazia Pennino ◽  
Franck Courchamp
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Species Distribution Models ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Invasive Ants ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Local Extinctions

Invasive alien species are a great threat to biodiversity and human livelihoods worldwide. The most effective way to limit their impacts and costs is to prevent their introduction into new areas. Identifying invaders and invasions before their occurrence would arguably be the most efficient strategy. Here, we provide a profiling method to predict which species—with which particular ecological characteristics—will invade, and where they could invade. We illustrate our approach with ants, which are among the most detrimental invasive species, as they are responsible for declines of numerous taxa, are involved in local extinctions, disturb ecosystem functioning, and impact multiple human activities. Based on statistical profiling of 1,002 ant species from an extensive trait database, we identify 13 native ant species with an ecological profile that matches that of known invasive ants. Even though they are not currently described as such, these species are likely to become the next global invaders. We couple these predictions with species distribution models to identify the regions most at risk from the invasion of these species: Florida and Central America, Brazil, Central Africa and Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea Northeast Australia, and many islands worldwide. This framework, applicable to any other taxa, represents a remarkable opportunity to implement timely and specifically shaped proactive management strategies against biological invasions.

Pathogenesis, Evaluation, and Management of Osteolysis Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty

2020 ◽  
pp. 107110072097842
Author(s):  
Nabil Mehta ◽  
Joseph Serino ◽  
Edward S. Hur ◽  
Shelby Smith ◽  
Kamran S. Hamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Science ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Total Ankle Arthroplasty ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Periprosthetic Osteolysis ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Ankle Arthroplasty ◽  
A Current

Periprosthetic osteolysis is a common occurrence after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) and poses many challenges for the foot and ankle surgeon. Osteolysis may be asymptomatic and remain benign, or it may lead to component instability and require revision or arthrodesis. In this article, we present a current and comprehensive review of osteolysis in TAA with illustrative cases. We examine the basic science principles behind the etiology of osteolysis, discuss the workup of a patient with suspected osteolysis, and present a review of the evidence of various management strategies, including grafting of cysts, revision TAA, and arthrodesis. Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.

Phylogeography provides an evolutionary context for the conservation of a diverse and ancient flora

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Australian Flora ◽  
Lineage Divergence ◽  
Current Species

Phylogeography can inform conservation strategies through assessment of genetic diversity that incorporates an evolutionary perspective, and allows evaluation within a geographical context, thus providing integration with other biogeographical information. Comparative phylogeography can identify significant historical processes that have had major influences on the biota and provides a historical context for understanding current species distributions. The phylogeographic patterns in the flora of south-western Australia are reviewed. Concordant patterns of lineage divergence in three unrelated taxa from separate families with widespread distributions indicate a common response to major historical processes involved in Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. Identification of highly divergent haplotypes in some species indicates areas that may represent refugia during times of climatic instability. Analysis of phylogeographic patterns in the flora of south-western Australia has revealed the influence of historical climate change in promoting high phylogenetic diversity within species that is comparable to the high species diversity that is well known in the Western Australian flora. Knowledge of historical influences and species responses provides an evolutionary context for conservation management strategies that facilitate the continued action of dynamic evolutionary processes.

scholarly journals Contemporary Strategies in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

HPB Surgery ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Elizabeth Khorsandi ◽  
Nigel Heaton
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Recurrence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Organ Shortage ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Ablative Therapies ◽  
Team Working ◽  
Synthetic Function ◽  
Locoregional Therapies ◽  
A Current

Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on a background of chronic liver disease. Liver resection or locoregional ablative therapies may be indicated for patients with preserved synthetic function without significant portal hypertension. Milan criteria were introduced to select suitable patients for liver transplant with low risk of tumor recurrence and 5-year survival in excess of 70%. Currently the incidence of HCC is climbing rapidly and in a current climate of organ shortage has led to the re-evaluation of locoregional therapies and resectional surgery to manage the case load. The introduction of biological therapies has had a new dimension to care, adding to the complexities of multidisciplinary team working in the management of HCC. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of present day management strategies and decision making.

Implementing Strategic Weed Prevention Programs to Protect Rangeland Ecosystems

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda S. Smith ◽  
Roger L. Sheley
Keyword(s):  
Prevention Program ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Invasive Plant Management ◽  
Proactive Management

Weed prevention is recognized as one of the most cost-effective management strategies for invasive plants. In the field of invasive plant management increasing emphasis is being directed toward proactive management. However, land managers are still somewhat reluctant to aggressively employ prevention programs. Part of this reluctance could be due to lack of understanding of what a comprehensive prevention program entails. The purpose of this paper is to improve strategic decision-making for site-specific prevention programs, such as those on ranches or in watersheds. Our interest is in advancing prevention planning for land managers—the people who are faced with the constant pressure of potential invasive species infestations on a day-to-day basis. To facilitate more widespread use of prevention programs we are proposing definitions for key terminology to standardize and facilitate communication about prevention programs. Additionally, we present a flow model with the steps necessary to successfully implement such programs. The model has three categories from which specific prevention planning occurs: (1) education, (2) early detection and eradication, and (3) interruption of movement. The flow model directs users through a series of interlinked steps. Finally, we provide a case study in which a ranch manager implemented a prevention program using this framework. By using this model, managers are poised to conduct more strategic planning. This model also has applications in outreach and education programs to assist land managers in prevention planning.

scholarly journals Asserting Journalistic Autonomy in the ‘Post-truth’ Era of ‘Alternative Facts’: Lessons from Reporting on the Orations of a Populist Leader

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Romano
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
Media Management ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Alternative Facts ◽  
Fact Checking ◽  
Truth Logic ◽  
A Current

A current challenge for journalists is how to report on post-truth political discourse in an era when the statements of populist leaders are increasingly characterized by emotionalism, out-of-context use of verifiable facts, euphemisms and double speak. A case study of the much-reported maiden speech by populist leader Pauline Hanson to the Australian Senate in 2016 is used to identify trends and patterns in stories that resulted from her oration. The case study findings were used to distil nine recommendations for journalists about how to research and report on statements by high-profile political and opinion leaders who peddle suspected alternative facts and post-truth logic. The findings indicate a need for journalists to reassert their autonomy over storytelling agendas through decoding post-truth discourse to identify underlying news issues, then applying rigour in certain fundamentals of fact checking, information sourcing, framing and backgrounding of stories. The case study findings have international relevance because the politics and media-management strategies of Hanson and her One Nation party replicate those of populist opinion leaders in the United States, United Kingdom and many other countries.

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