scholarly journals Ultrasound Markers of Implantation

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26
Author(s):  
Luis T Mercé ◽  
María J Barco
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Power Doppler ◽  
Single Embryo Transfer ◽  
Uterine Contractility ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
3D Power Doppler ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Doppler Indices ◽  
Subendometrial Blood Flow

ABSTRACT Endometrial 3D power Doppler indices change significantly during the normal menstrual cycle. Vascularity indices of the endometrial and subendometrial vessels increase throughout the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, reaching a maximum value 2 to 3 days prior to ovulation. From this peak, vascularity indices decrease and reach a nadir 2 to 5 days after ovulation. Reduced endometrial perfusion assessed by 3D power Doppler ultrasound is most likely related to increased uterine contractility. If prolonged, it may cause endometrial hypoxia, leading to detrimental effect on implantation potential. In normal spontaneous menstrual cycles, endometrial vascular indices increase progressively during the course of the luteal phase. Endometrial and subendometrial perfusion is negatively affected by serum estradiol concentrations, which can explain why patients with hyperstimulation have lower endometrial and subendometrial blood flow during the early luteal phase. Our results indicate that 3D power Doppler implantation markers are crucial for planning a single embryo transfer in order to select the most suitable cycle for transfer of a single cryopreserved embryo. How to cite this article Mercé LT, Barco MJ, Kurjak A. Ultrasound Markers of Implantation. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):14-26.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Analysis of Cerebral Circulation in Normal and Growth-Restricted Fetuses

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1609-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose L Bartha ◽  
Eva M Moya ◽  
Blas Hervías-Vivancos
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Cerebral Circulation ◽  
Pulsatility Index ◽  
Power Doppler ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Power Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
3D Power Doppler ◽  
Doppler Indices ◽  
Vascularization Index

The objective of the present study was to evaluate fetal cerebral circulation by using three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler ultrasound in normal and growth-restricted fetuses. A total of 100 normal grown fetuses were compared with other 25 with growth restriction (FGR). Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound was used to assess fetal cerebral 3D vascular indices: vascularization index, flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI). Both FI and VFI correlated positively with gestational age. On average, all the 3D vascular indices were increased in fetuses with FGR. The proportion of fetuses detected as having hemodynamic redistribution was higher when using 3D power Doppler indices than by means of the middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (52% versus 20%, P = 0.002). In conclusion, two of the three indices increased during gestation. All the fetal cerebral 3D vascular indices are increased in fetuses with FGR. In these fetuses, there were more cases suggesting hemodynamic redistribution than expected by conventional Doppler studies.

Osmoregulation of thirst and vasopressin during normal menstrual cycle

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (4) ◽  
pp. R641-R647 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Vokes ◽  
N. M. Weiss ◽  
J. Schreiber ◽  
M. B. Gaskill ◽  
G. L. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Vasopressin Release ◽  
Plasma Vasopressin ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Basal Plasma

Changes in osmoregulation during normal menstrual cycle were examined in 15 healthy women. In 10 women, studied repetitively during two consecutive menstrual cycles, basal plasma osmolality, sodium, and urea decreased by 4 mosmol/kg, 2 meq/l, and 0.5 mM, respectively (all P less than 0.02) from the follicular to luteal phase. Plasma vasopressin, protein, hematocrit, mean arterial pressure, and body weight did not change. In five other women, diluting capacity and osmotic control of thirst and vasopressin release were assessed in follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. Responses of thirst and/or plasma vasopressin, urine osmolality, osmolal and free water clearance to water loading, and infusion of hypertonic saline were normal and similar in the three phases. However, the plasma osmolality at which plasma vasopressin and urine osmolality were maximally suppressed as well as calculated osmotic thresholds for thirst and vasopressin release were lower by 5 mosmol/kg in the luteal than in the follicular phase. This lowering of osmotic thresholds for thirst and vasopressin release, which occurs in the luteal phase, is qualitatively similar to that observed in pregnancy and should be taken into account when studying water balance and regulation of vasopressin secretion in healthy cycling women.

scholarly journals Variation in the Renin Angiotensin System throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-452
Author(s):  
Mala Chidambaram ◽  
John A. Duncan ◽  
Vesta S. Lai ◽  
Daniel C. Cattran ◽  
John S. Floras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Systemic Hemodynamic ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

ABSTRACT. It has been demonstrated elsewhere that circulating renin angiotensin system (RAS) components peak when plasma estrogen levels are highest, during the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. This phenomenon has been attributed to “activation” of the RAS. The end-organ vasoconstrictive response to this phenomenon has not been well established. In two related experiments, the RAS was studied in healthy, premenopausal women during predefined phases of the normal menstrual cycle. In the first experiment, the circulating components of the RAS and the systemic hemodynamic response to incremental lower body negative pressure (LBNP) during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle were examined. Response variables included mean arterial pressure (MAP), renin, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AngII), and aldosterone. Baseline levels of renin, PRA, and aldosterone were significantly higher in the luteal phase. In response to LBNP, there were significant increases in all variables in both phases; however, the humoral response to this stimulus was significantly augmented in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. Despite these elevations in circulating components of the RAS during the luteal phase, subjects were unable to maintain MAP in response to LBNP, exhibiting a dramatic depressor response that did not occur during the follicular phase. In the second experiment, renal and peripheral hemodynamic function at baseline, and in response to AngII blockade with losartan, were examined in women during these high and low estrogen phases of the menstrual cycle. The renal and peripheral hemodynamic responses were similar in the luteal phase and the follicular phase. These results demonstrate that, despite an increase in circulating RAS components during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the system is blunted rather than “activated,” at least at a tissue level. Further studies are needed to clarify this mechanism.

Normal Menstrual Cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pierson ◽  
Kelly Pagidas
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

A normal menstrual cycle is the end result of a sequence of purposeful and coordinated events that occur from intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and uterine axes. The menstrual cycle is under hormonal control in the reproductively active female and is functionally divided into two phases: the proliferative or follicular phase and the secretory or luteal phase. This tight hormonal control is orchestrated by a series of negative and positive endocrine feedback loops that alter the frequency of the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary response to GnRH, and the relative secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gonadotrope with subsequent direct effects on the ovary to produce a series of sex steroids and peptides that aid in the generation of a single mature oocyte and the preparation of a receptive endometrium for implantation to ensue. Any derailment along this programmed pathway can lead to an abnormal menstrual cycle with subsequent impact on the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy. This review contains 7 figures and 26 references Key words: follicle-stimulating hormone, follicular phase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone, menstrual cycle, ovulation, progesterone, proliferative phase, secretory phase

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL IN HUMAN AND BOVINE PERIPHERAL PLASMA

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Eric Edqvist ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Column Separation ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Ether Extraction ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

ABSTRACT An antibody against oestradiol-17β-succinyl-bovine-serum-albumin was diluted in a 0.1% phosphate buffer to 1:150 000 without any previous treatment. Sephadex LH-20 columns were used to separate the oestrone and oestradiol fractions. Separation of free from antibody-bound steroids was achieved by a dextrane coated charcoal suspension. Five pg of oestradiol or oestrone was significantly different from 0 in the radioimmunoassay system. The recovery for oestrone and 17β-oestradiol after diethyl ether extraction and column separation was between 87-91 per cent. Highly accurate and precise measurements of both oestrone and 17β-oestradiol were obtained both in women and cows. During pregnancy in the cow oestrone was found to be the predominant free oestrogen in the peripheral plasma and the oestradiol levels were found to be about 10 per cent or less of the oestrone levels. The oestrone levels in the pregnant cow could be measured by a rapid technique omitting the column separation. During the normal menstrual cycle in women the pattern of oestrone and oestradiol closely followed that obtained after ether extraction only. A well defined midcyclic peak of oestrogens was found in all the 34 normal cycles assayed. The increase during the luteal phase was less pronounced.

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