Emergency relief has characteristics of complexity, urgency, sustainability, technicality, and so on. In this paper a mathematical model to seek the shortest delivery time as the ultimate goal is established based on these characteristics, which is on the core of characteristics with the urgency and consider both the road conditions and on shortage of demand point of relief supplies. The problem of emergency logistics distribution routing optimization is solved by the improved ant colony algorithm—Fish-Swarm Ant Colony Optimization (FSACO), simulation results show that, compared with basic ant colony algorithm, Fish-Swarm Ant Colony Optimization can find the higher quality to solve the problem of emergency logistics distribution routing optimization.