scholarly journals Validity of Context-Specific versus Broad Individual Differences in International Assignments

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernandez de Cueto Julio E.
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
International Assignments ◽  
Context Specific

Validity of Context-Specific Versus Broad Characteristics in International Assignments

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio E. Fernandez de Cueto ◽  
Juan I. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
International Assignments ◽  
Context Specific

scholarly journals Stable individual differences in strategies within, but not between, visual search tasks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair D F Clarke ◽  
Jessica Irons ◽  
Warren James ◽  
Andrew B. Leber ◽  
Amelia R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Over Time

A striking range of individual differences has recently been reported in three different visual search tasks. These differences in performance can be attributed to strategy, that is, the efficiency with which participants control their search to complete the task quickly and accurately. Here we ask if an individual's strategy and performance in one search task is correlated with how they perform in the other two. We tested 64 observers in the three tasks mentioned above over two sessions. Even though the test-retest reliability of the tasks is high, an observer's performance and strategy in one task did not reliably predict their behaviour in the other two. These results suggest search strategies are stable over time, but context-specific. To understand visual search we therefore need to account not only for differences between individuals, but also how individuals interact with the search task and context. These context-specific but stable individual differences in strategy can account for a substantial proportion of variability in search performance.

scholarly journals Habitat and social context affect memory phenotype, exploration and covariance among these traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1756) ◽  
pp. 20170291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dalesman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Specific Trait ◽  
Context Specific

Individual differences in cognitive ability are predicted to covary with other behavioural traits such as exploration and boldness. Selection within different habitats may act to either enhance or break down covariance among traits; alternatively, changing the environmental context in which traits are assessed may result in plasticity that alters trait covariance. Pond snails, Lymnaea stagnalis , from two laboratory strains (more than 20 generations in captivity) and F1 laboratory reared from six wild populations were tested for long-term memory and exploration traits (speed and thigmotaxis) following maintenance in grouped and isolated conditions to determine if isolation: (i) alters memory and exploration; and (ii) alters covariance between memory and exploration. Populations that demonstrated strong memory formation (longer duration) under grouped conditions demonstrated weaker memory formation and reduced both speed and thigmotaxis following isolation. In wild populations, snails showed no relationship between memory and exploration in grouped conditions; however, following isolation, exploration behaviour was negatively correlated with memory, i.e. slow-explorers showing low levels of thigmotaxis formed stronger memories. Laboratory strains demonstrated no covariance among exploration traits and memory independent of context. Together these data demonstrate that the relationship between cognition and exploration traits can depend on both habitat and context-specific trait plasticity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

scholarly journals Stable individual differences in strategies within, but not between, visual search tasks

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182092919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair DF Clarke ◽  
Jessica L Irons ◽  
Warren James ◽  
Andrew B Leber ◽  
Amelia R Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Over Time

A striking range of individual differences has recently been reported in three different visual search tasks. These differences in performance can be attributed to strategy, that is, the efficiency with which participants control their search to complete the task quickly and accurately. Here, we ask whether an individual’s strategy and performance in one search task is correlated with how they perform in the other two. We tested 64 observers and found that even though the test–retest reliability of the tasks was high, an observer’s performance and strategy in one task was not predictive of their behaviour in the other two. These results suggest search strategies are stable over time, but context-specific. To understand visual search, we therefore need to account not only for differences between individuals but also how individuals interact with the search task and context.

Shyness and boldness in pumpkinseed sunfish: individual differences are context-specific

1998 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRISTINE COLEMAN ◽  
DAVID SLOAN WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Pumpkinseed Sunfish ◽  
Context Specific

Predicting compliance with COVID-19 containing measures using context-specific and dispositional individual differences: The particular role of individual’s sense of responsibility for collective health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Lachowicz-Tabaczek ◽  
Monika Kozłowska
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Incremental Value ◽  
Specific Individual ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
And Behavior

In this research, we examined whether context-specific individual differences would allow for a better prediction of pandemic-related attitudes and behavior than non-specific dispositional traits. In Study 1, we introduced a context-specific measure of individual differences in the sense of responsibility for collective health (SRCH) and compared its ability to predict the acceptance of pandemic-related restrictions, with that of pandemic-related worries considered as a context-specific but self-oriented tendency and with two dispositional traits, i.e., grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Only SRCH and pandemic-related worries uniquely predicted the acceptance of restrictions. In Study 2, we examined whether SRCH predicted increased hygiene and social distancing during pandemic better than narcissistic traits and pandemic worries, as well as social responsibility personal values—an others-oriented disposition. The results showed that SRCH explained most of the unique variance in social distancing, whereas pandemic-related worries uniquely predicted most of the variance in hygiene practices. Of the dispositional traits, only social responsibility personal values predicted a unique portion of the variance in social distancing, whereas narcissistic traits added no incremental value in predicting any of the precautionary measures. The results of both studies indicate that context-specific individual differences are robust predictors of compliance with COVID-19 mitigating measures.

scholarly journals Context-specific activations are a hallmark of the neural basis of individual differences in general executive function

NeuroImage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 118845
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Reineberg ◽  
Marie T. Banich ◽  
Tor D. Wager ◽  
Naomi P. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Context Specific

scholarly journals Cognitive demand and error feedback: fMRI evidence for individual differences of conflict monitoring in rostral versus dorsal ACC activity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Leue ◽  
Bernd Weber ◽  
Christian E. Elger ◽  
Peter Trautner ◽  
André Beauducel
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Error Feedback ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Adjustment Strategies ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Dual Mechanism

Based on the conflict monitoring theory and the dual-mechanism of control account, we investigated individual differences (Trait-BIS, reasoning ability) of conflict monitoring depending on cognitive demand and aversive error feedback in the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (dACC, rACC). We recorded fMRI data while participants (n = 38) performed an adapted go/nogo task with four balanced levels of cognitive demand (low vs. high) and error feedback (low aversive vs. high aversive). We observed more neural activity representing conflict monitoring intensity in dACC than rACC. Individuals with higher reasoning scores showed more intense conflict monitoring to nogo than go stimuli in dACC when cognitive demand was high. This finding suggests that individuals with higher reasoning scores invest conflict monitoring in a reactive manner to prevent errors when the task becomes more demanding. In contrast, individuals with higher Trait-BIS scores intensify their conflict monitoring in rACC even when cognitive demand is low and irrespective of stimulus type. Adaptation of conflict monitoring intensity in higher Trait-BIS individuals occurs in an anticipatory and less context-specific manner. Taken together, our results suggest that cognitive demand modulates individual differences of conflict monitoring and adjustment strategies of cognitive control.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

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