scholarly journals MAMAP – a new spectrometer system for column-averaged methane and carbon dioxide observations from aircraft: retrieval algorithm and first inversions for point source emission rates

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 1735-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Krings ◽  
K. Gerilowski ◽  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
M. Reuter ◽  
A. Tretner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Integral Method ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Gaussian Plume ◽  
Gaussian Integral ◽  
Source Emission

Abstract. MAMAP is an airborne passive remote sensing instrument designed to measure the dry columns of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The MAMAP instrument comprises two optical grating spectrometers: the first observing in the short wave infrared band (SWIR) at 1590–1690 nm to measure CO2 and CH4 absorptions, and the second in the near infrared (NIR) at 757–768 nm to measure O2 absorptions for reference/normalisation purposes. MAMAP can be operated in both nadir and zenith geometry during the flight. Mounted on an aeroplane, MAMAP surveys areas on regional to local scales with a ground pixel resolution of approximately 29 m × 33 m for a typical aircraft altitude of 1250 m and a velocity of 200 km h−1. The retrieval precision of the measured column relative to background is typically ≲1% (1σ). MAMAP measurements are valuable to close the gap between satellite data, having global coverage but with a rather coarse resolution, on the one hand, and highly accurate in situ measurements with sparse coverage on the other hand. In July 2007, test flights were performed over two coal-fired power plants operated by Vattenfall Europe Generation AG: Jänschwalde (27.4 Mt CO2 yr−1) and Schwarze Pumpe (11.9 Mt CO2 yr−1), about 100 km southeast of Berlin, Germany. By using two different inversion approaches, one based on an optimal estimation scheme to fit Gaussian plume models from multiple sources to the data, and another using a simple Gaussian integral method, the emission rates can be determined and compared with emissions reported by Vattenfall Europe. An extensive error analysis for the retrieval's dry column results (XCO2 and XCH4) and for the two inversion methods has been performed. Both methods – the Gaussian plume model fit and the Gaussian integral method – are capable of deriving estimates for strong point source emission rates that are within ±10% of the reported values, given appropriate flight patterns and detailed knowledge of wind conditions.

scholarly journals MAMAP – a new spectrometer system for column-averaged methane and carbon dioxide observations from aircraft: retrieval algorithm and first inversions for point source emission rates

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 2207-2271 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Krings ◽  
K. Gerilowski ◽  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
M. Reuter ◽  
A. Tretner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Integral Method ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Gaussian Plume ◽  
Gaussian Integral ◽  
Source Emission

Abstract. MAMAP is an airborne passive remote sensing instrument designed for measuring columns of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The MAMAP instrument consists of two optical grating spectrometers: One in the short wave infrared band (SWIR) at 1590–1690 nm to measure CO2 and CH4 absorptions and another one in the near infrared (NIR) at 757–768 nm to measure O2 absorptions for reference purposes. MAMAP can be operated in both nadir and zenith geometry during the flight. Mounted on an airplane MAMAP can effectively survey areas on regional to local scales with a ground pixel resolution of about 29 m × 33 m for a typical aircraft altitude of 1250 m and a velocity of 200 km h−1. The retrieval precision of the measured column relative to background is typically ≲ 1% (1σ). MAMAP can be used to close the gap between satellite data exhibiting global coverage but with a rather coarse resolution on the one hand and highly accurate in situ measurements with sparse coverage on the other hand. In July 2007 test flights were performed over two coal-fired powerplants operated by Vattenfall Europe Generation AG: Jänschwalde (27.4 Mt CO2 yr−1) and Schwarze Pumpe (11.9 Mt CO2 yr−1), about 100 km southeast of Berlin, Germany. By using two different inversion approaches, one based on an optimal estimation scheme to fit Gaussian plume models from multiple sources to the data, and another using a simple Gaussian integral method, the emission rates can be determined and compared with emissions as stated by Vattenfall Europe. An extensive error analysis for the retrieval's dry column results (XCO2 and XCH4) and for the two inversion methods has been performed. Both methods – the Gaussian plume model fit and the Gaussian integral method – are capable of delivering reliable estimates for strong point source emission rates, given appropriate flight patterns and detailed knowledge of wind conditions.

scholarly journals Independent evaluation of point source fossil fuel CO2 emissions to better than 10%

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (37) ◽  
pp. 10287-10291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Christine Turnbull ◽  
Elizabeth D. Keller ◽  
Margaret W. Norris ◽  
Rachael M. Wiltshire
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Time Integration ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Independent Evaluation ◽  
Atmospheric Observations ◽  
Better Than

Independent estimates of fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) emissions are key to ensuring that emission reductions and regulations are effective and provide needed transparency and trust. Point source emissions are a key target because a small number of power plants represent a large portion of total global emissions. Currently, emission rates are known only from self-reported data. Atmospheric observations have the potential to meet the need for independent evaluation, but useful results from this method have been elusive, due to challenges in distinguishing CO2ff emissions from the large and varying CO2 background and in relating atmospheric observations to emission flux rates with high accuracy. Here we use time-integrated observations of the radiocarbon content of CO2 (14CO2) to quantify the recently added CO2ff mole fraction at surface sites surrounding a point source. We demonstrate that both fast-growing plant material (grass) and CO2 collected by absorption into sodium hydroxide solution provide excellent time-integrated records of atmospheric 14CO2. These time-integrated samples allow us to evaluate emissions over a period of days to weeks with only a modest number of measurements. Applying the same time integration in an atmospheric transport model eliminates the need to resolve highly variable short-term turbulence. Together these techniques allow us to independently evaluate point source CO2ff emission rates from atmospheric observations with uncertainties of better than 10%. This uncertainty represents an improvement by a factor of 2 over current bottom-up inventory estimates and previous atmospheric observation estimates and allows reliable independent evaluation of emissions.

scholarly journals Airborne remote sensing and in-situ measurements of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> to quantify point source emissions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Krings ◽  
Bruno Neininger ◽  
Konstantin Gerilowski ◽  
Sven Krautwurst ◽  
Michael Buchwitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Airborne Remote Sensing

Abstract. Reliable techniques to infer greenhouse gas emission rates from localised sources require accurate measurement and inversion approaches. In this study airborne remote sensing observations by the MAMAP instrument and airborne in-situ measurements are used to infer emission estimates of carbon dioxide released from a cluster of coal fired power plants. For the analysis of in-situ data, a mass balance approach is described and applied. Whereas for the remote sensing observations an inverse Gaussian plume model is used in addition to a mass balance technique. A comparison between methods shows that results for all methods agree within a few percent for cases where in-situ measurements were made for the complete vertical plume extent. Even though the power plants are partly in close proximity and the associated carbon dioxide plumes are overlapping it is possible to derive emission rates from remote sensing data for individual power plants that agree well with results derived from emission factors and energy production data for the time of the overflight.

scholarly journals Performance of a geostationary mission, geoCARB, to measure CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO column-averaged concentrations

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Polonsky ◽  
D. M. O'Brien ◽  
J. B. Kumer ◽  
C. W. O'Dell ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Gaussian Plume ◽  
Spectral Channels ◽  
Emission Strength

Abstract. GeoCARB is a proposed instrument to measure column averaged concentrations of CO2, CH4 and CO from geostationary orbit using reflected sunlight in near-infrared absorption bands of the gases. The scanning options, spectral channels and noise characteristics of geoCARB and two descope options are described. The accuracy of concentrations from geoCARB data is investigated using end-to-end retrievals; spectra at the top of the atmosphere in the geoCARB bands are simulated with realistic trace gas profiles, meteorology, aerosol, cloud and surface properties, and then the concentrations of CO2, CH4 and CO are estimated from the spectra after addition of noise characteristic of geoCARB. The sensitivity of the algorithm to aerosol, the prior distributions assumed for the gases and the meteorology are investigated. The contiguous spatial sampling and fine temporal resolution of geoCARB open the possibility of monitoring localised sources such as power plants. Simulations of emissions from a power plant with a Gaussian plume are conducted to assess the accuracy with which the emission strength may be recovered from geoCARB spectra. Scenarios for "clean" and "dirty" power plants are examined. It is found that a reliable estimate of the emission rate is possible, especially for power plants that have particulate filters, by averaging emission rates estimated from multiple snapshots of the CO2 field surrounding the plant. The result holds even in the presence of partial cloud cover.

Solvent Selection for Carbon Capture from Emissions of Coal Fired Power Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gennis ◽  
U. Dikewar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Nitrous Oxides ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pollution Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Selection For

Approximately 41% of electric power across the globe is generated by the combustion of coal.1 Over the past 40 years many countries have passed legislation that define legally acceptable rates of pollution. Emission rates of sulfurous oxides and nitrous oxides have been hindered, but large amounts of carbon dioxide are still being released into the atmosphere. It is possible to chemically absorb the carbon dioxide gas into a liquid solvent but an effective and economical solvent must be selected.

scholarly journals Airborne remote sensing and in situ measurements of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> to quantify point source emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 721-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Krings ◽  
Bruno Neininger ◽  
Konstantin Gerilowski ◽  
Sven Krautwurst ◽  
Michael Buchwitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Airborne Remote Sensing ◽  
In Situ Data

Abstract. Reliable techniques to infer greenhouse gas emission rates from localised sources require accurate measurement and inversion approaches. In this study airborne remote sensing observations of CO2 by the MAMAP instrument and airborne in situ measurements are used to infer emission estimates of carbon dioxide released from a cluster of coal-fired power plants. The study area is complex due to sources being located in close proximity and overlapping associated carbon dioxide plumes. For the analysis of in situ data, a mass balance approach is described and applied, whereas for the remote sensing observations an inverse Gaussian plume model is used in addition to a mass balance technique. A comparison between methods shows that results for all methods agree within 10 % or better with uncertainties of 10 to 30 % for cases in which in situ measurements were made for the complete vertical plume extent. The computed emissions for individual power plants are in agreement with results derived from emission factors and energy production data for the time of the overflight.

Thermal/electric energy generation and CO2 production for greenhouse facilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-151
Author(s):  
O. E. Gnezdova ◽  
E. S. Chugunkova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Injection ◽  
Electricity Rates ◽  
Traditional Patterns ◽  
Generation Power

Introduction: greenhouses need microclimate control systems to grow agricultural crops. The method of carbon dioxide injection, which is currently used by agricultural companies, causes particular problems. Co-generation power plants may boost the greenhouse efficiency, as they are capable of producing electric energy, heat and cold, as well as carbon dioxide designated for greenhouse plants.Methods: the co-authors provide their estimates of the future gas/electricity rates growth in the short term; they have made a breakdown of the costs of greenhouse products, and they have also compiled the diagrams describing electricity consumption in case of traditional and non-traditional patterns of power supply; they also provide a power distribution pattern typical for greenhouse businesses, as well as the structure and the principle of operation of a co-generation unit used by a greenhouse facility.Results and discussion: the co-authors highlight the strengths of co-generation units used by greenhouse facilities. They have also identified the biological features of carbon dioxide generation and consumption, and they have listed the consequences of using carbon dioxide to enrich vegetable crops.Conclusion: the co-authors have formulated the expediency of using co-generation power plants as part of power generation facilities that serve greenhouses.

scholarly journals Emission of harmful gases from animal production in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Mazur ◽  
Kamil Roman ◽  
Witold Jan Wardal ◽  
Kinga Borek ◽  
Jan Barwicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Air Exchange Rate ◽  
Microclimate Conditions ◽  
Air Exchange

AbstractThe aim of the study was to present the scale of greenhouse gas emissions from animal production, and to provide test results from different housing systems. In three free stall buildings, two with slurry in deep channels and one with cattle in cubicles staying on shallow litter concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide were measured in summer season by using dedicated equipment from Industrial Scientific Research. Air exchange was calculated on the base of balance carbon dioxide method. This method was used in order to estimate the air flow rate. Concentrations of ammonia and CO2 were measured as the base for air exchange and ammonia emission rates. Ammonia emissions were product of ammonia concentration and air exchange rate. Temperature and relative humidity were measured to establish microclimate conditions in buildings tested to show the overall microclimatic situation in buildings. Differences between ammonia emission rates were observed in both housing systems. The highest ammonia emission rate was equal to 2.75 g·h−1·LU−1 in well-ventilated cattle barn with the largest herd size.

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