scholarly journals Combining livestock production information in a process-based vegetation model to reconstruct the history of grassland management

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3757-3776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfeng Chang ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Mario Herrero ◽  
Petr Havlik ◽  
Matteo Campioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Balance ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
Management Intensity ◽  
Grass Biomass

Abstract. Grassland management type (grazed or mown) and intensity (intensive or extensive) play a crucial role in the greenhouse gas balance and surface energy budget of this biome, both at field scale and at large spatial scale. However, global gridded historical information on grassland management intensity is not available. Combining modelled grass-biomass productivity with statistics of the grass-biomass demand by livestock, we reconstruct gridded maps of grassland management intensity from 1901 to 2012. These maps include the minimum area of managed vs. maximum area of unmanaged grasslands and the fraction of mown vs. grazed area at a resolution of 0.5° by 0.5°. The grass-biomass demand is derived from a livestock dataset for 2000, extended to cover the period 1901–2012. The grass-biomass supply (i.e. forage grass from mown grassland and biomass grazed) is simulated by the process-based model ORCHIDEE-GM driven by historical climate change, rising CO2 concentration, and changes in nitrogen fertilization. The global area of managed grassland obtained in this study increases from 6.1  ×  106 km2 in 1901 to 12.3  ×  106 km2 in 2000, although the expansion pathway varies between different regions. ORCHIDEE-GM also simulated augmentation in global mean productivity and herbage-use efficiency over managed grassland during the 20th century, indicating a general intensification of grassland management at global scale but with regional differences. The gridded grassland management intensity maps are model dependent because they depend on modelled productivity. Thus specific attention was given to the evaluation of modelled productivity against a series of observations from site-level net primary productivity (NPP) measurements to two global satellite products of gross primary productivity (GPP) (MODIS-GPP and SIF data). Generally, ORCHIDEE-GM captures the spatial pattern, seasonal cycle, and interannual variability of grassland productivity at global scale well and thus is appropriate for global applications presented here.

scholarly journals Combining livestock production information in a process based vegetation model to reconstruct the history of grassland management

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfeng Chang ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Mario Herrero ◽  
Petr Havlik ◽  
Matteo Campioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Management Intensity ◽  
Grass Biomass

Abstract. Grassland management type (grazed or mown) and intensity (intensive or extensive) play a crucial role in the GHG balance and surface energy budget of this biome, both at field scale and at large spatial scale. Yet, global gridded historical information on grassland management intensity is not available. Combining modelled grass biomass productivity with statistics of the grass-biomass demand by livestock, we reconstruct gridded maps of grassland management intensity from 1901 to 2012. These maps include the minimum area of managed vs. maximum area of un-managed grasslands, and the fraction of mown versus grazed area at a resolution of 0.5° by 0.5°. The grass-biomass demand is derived from a livestock dataset for 2000, extended to cover the period 1901–2012. The nature of grass-biomass supply (i.e., forage grass from mown grassland and biomass grazed) is simulated by the process based model ORCHIDEE-GM driven by historical climate change, rising CO2 concentration, and changes in nitrogen fertilization. The global area of managed grassland obtained in this study is simulated to increase from 5.1 × 106 km2 in 1901 to 11 × 106 km2 in 2000, although the expansion pathway varies between different regions. The gridded grassland management intensity maps are model-dependent because they depend on Net Primary Productivity (NPP), which is the reason why specific attention is given to the evaluation of NPP. Namely, ORCHIDEE-GM is calibrated for C3 and C4 grass functional traits, and then evaluated against a series of observations from site-level NPP measurements to two global satellite products of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) (MODIS-GPP and SIF data). The distribution of GPP and NPP with and without management, are evaluated against observations at different spatial and temporal scales. Generally, ORCHIDEE-GM captures the spatial pattern, seasonal cycle and interannual variability of grassland productivity at global scale well, and thus appears to be appropriate for global applications.

scholarly journals The influence of Carboniferous palaeoatmospheres on plant function: an experimental and modelling assessment

1998 ◽  
Vol 353 (1365) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Beerling ◽  
F. I. Woodward ◽  
M. R. Lomas ◽  
M. A. Wills ◽  
W. P. Quick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Late Carboniferous ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Area Index ◽  
The Impact

Geochemical models of atmospheric evolution predict that during the late Carboniferous, ca . 300 Ma, atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were 35% and 0.03%, respectively. Both gases compete with each other for ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase–the primary C–fixing enzyme in C 3 land plants: and the absolute concentrations and the ratio of the two in the atmosphere have the potential to strongly influence land–plant function. The Carboniferous therefore represents an era of potentially strong feedback between atmospheric composition and plant function. We assessed some implications of this ratio of atmospheric gases on plant function using experimental and modelling approaches. After six weeks growth at 35% O 2 and 0.03% carbon dioxide, no photosynthetic acclimation was observed in the woody species Betula pubescens and Hedera helix relative to those plants grown at 21% O 2 . Leaf photosynthetic rates were 29% lower in the high O 2 environment compared to the controls. A global–scale analysis of the impact of the late Carboniferous climate and atmospheric composition on vegetation function was determined by driving a process–based vegetation–biogeochemistry model with a Carboniferous global palaeoclimate simulated by the Universities Global Atmospheric Modelling Programme General Circulation Model. Global patterns of net primary productivity, leaf area index and soil carbon concentration for the equilibrium model solutions showed generally low values everywhere, compared with the present day, except for a central band in the northern land mass extension of Gondwana, where high values were predicted. The areas of high soil carbon accumulation closely match the known distribution of late Carboniferous coals. Sensitivity analysis with the model indicated that the increase in O 2 concentration from 21% to 35% reduced global net primary productivity by 18.7% or by 6.3 GtC yr –1 . Further work is required to collate and map at the global scale the distribution of vegetation types, and evidence for wildfires, for the late Carboniferous to test our predictions.

scholarly journals Divergent controls of soil organic carbon between observations and process-based models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Georgiou ◽  
Avni Malhotra ◽  
William R. Wieder ◽  
Jacqueline H. Ennis ◽  
Melannie D. Hartman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Biogeochemical Models ◽  
Soc Stocks ◽  
Process Based Models

AbstractThe storage and cycling of soil organic carbon (SOC) are governed by multiple co-varying factors, including climate, plant productivity, edaphic properties, and disturbance history. Yet, it remains unclear which of these factors are the dominant predictors of observed SOC stocks, globally and within biomes, and how the role of these predictors varies between observations and process-based models. Here we use global observations and an ensemble of soil biogeochemical models to quantify the emergent importance of key state factors – namely, mean annual temperature, net primary productivity, and soil mineralogy – in explaining biome- to global-scale variation in SOC stocks. We use a machine-learning approach to disentangle the role of covariates and elucidate individual relationships with SOC, without imposing expected relationships a priori. While we observe qualitatively similar relationships between SOC and covariates in observations and models, the magnitude and degree of non-linearity vary substantially among the models and observations. Models appear to overemphasize the importance of temperature and primary productivity (especially in forests and herbaceous biomes, respectively), while observations suggest a greater relative importance of soil minerals. This mismatch is also evident globally. However, we observe agreement between observations and model outputs in select individual biomes – namely, temperate deciduous forests and grasslands, which both show stronger relationships of SOC stocks with temperature and productivity, respectively. This approach highlights biomes with the largest uncertainty and mismatch with observations for targeted model improvements. Understanding the role of dominant SOC controls, and the discrepancies between models and observations, globally and across biomes, is essential for improving and validating process representations in soil and ecosystem models for projections under novel future conditions.

Assessing the Dynamics of Grassland Net Primary Productivity in Response to Climate Change at the Global Scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Liu ◽  
Yue Yang ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Muhammad Khalifa ◽  
Zhaoying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Global Scale

scholarly journals Regional sustainable development of renewable natural resources using Net Primary Productivity on a global scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 107768
Author(s):  
Saket Dubey ◽  
Ashutosh Sharma ◽  
Venkatesh Kishor Panchariya ◽  
Manish Kumar Goyal ◽  
Rao Y. Surampalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Renewable Natural Resources ◽  
Regional Sustainable Development

scholarly journals Distinguishing the drivers of trends in land carbon fluxes and plant volatile emissions over the past three decades

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 21449-21494 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Yue ◽  
N. Unger ◽  
Y. Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Terrestrial Biosphere ◽  
Co2 Fertilization ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Main Driver

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere has experienced dramatic changes in recent decades. Estimates of historical trends in land carbon fluxes remain uncertain because long-term observations are limited on the global scale. Here, we use the Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere (YIBs) model to estimate decadal trends in land carbon fluxes and emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and to identify the key drivers for these changes during 1982–2011. Driven with hourly meteorology from WFDEI (WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to ERA-Interim data), the model simulates an increasing trend of 297 Tg C a−2 in gross primary productivity (GPP) and 185 Tg C a−2 in the net primary productivity (NPP). CO2 fertilization is the main driver for the flux changes in forest ecosystems, while meteorology dominates the changes in grasslands and shrublands. Warming boosts summer GPP and NPP at high latitudes, while drought dampens carbon uptake in tropical regions. North of 30° N, increasing temperatures induce a substantial extension of 0.22 day a−1 for the growing season; however, this phenological change alone does not promote regional carbon uptake and BVOC emissions. Nevertheless, increases of LAI at peak season accounts for ~ 25 % of the trends in GPP and isoprene emissions at the northern lands. The net land sink shows statistically insignificant increases of only 3 Tg C a−2 globally because of simultaneous increases in soil respiration. In contrast, driven with alternative meteorology from MERRA (Modern Era-Retrospective Analysis), the model predicts significant increases of 59 Tg C a−2 in the land sink due to strengthened uptake in the Amazon. Global BVOC emissions are calculated using two schemes. With the photosynthesis-dependent scheme, the model predicts increases of 0.4 Tg C a−2 in isoprene emissions, which are mainly attributed to warming trends because CO2 fertilization and inhibition effects offset each other. Using the MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) scheme, the YIBs model simulates global reductions of 1.1 Tg C a−2 in isoprene and 0.04 Tg C a−2 in monoterpene emissions in response to the CO2 inhibition effects. Land use change shows limited impacts on global carbon fluxes and BVOC emissions, but there are regional contrasting impacts over Europe (afforestation) and China (deforestation).

scholarly journals A global analysis of the impact of drought on net primary productivity

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3885-3894 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Chen ◽  
G. R. Werf ◽  
R. A. M. Jeu ◽  
G. Wang ◽  
A. J. Dolman
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Phase Behaviour ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Köppen Climate Classification ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. We investigated the impact of drought on interannual variability of net primary productivity (NPP) from 1997 to 2009, using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) drought index and satellite-derived vegetation greenness converted to NPP. SPEI is positive for wet conditions and negative for dry conditions. We found that SPEI and NPP were coupled and showed in-phase behaviour on a global scale. We then used the Köppen climate classification to study the SPEI–NPP relations regionally and found that while NPP and SPEI were positively related (high SPEI, high NPP) in arid and in seasonal dry regions, the opposite occurs in most boreal regions (high SPEI, low NPP). High intensity drought events, such as the 2003 drought in Europe were picked up by our analysis. Our findings suggest that the strong positive relation between global average moisture availability and NPP consists of a composite of the positive relation across dry regions and the coherent NPP decline during and after intensive drought events in humid regions. Importantly, we also found that there are many areas on the globe that show no strong correlation between drought and NPP.

Aspects of productivity and nutrient cycling in an 8-year-old Eucalyptus plantation in a moist plain area adjacent to central Himalaya, India

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1365-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendra S. Bargali ◽  
Surendra P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Central Himalaya ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Plain Area ◽  
Sal Forest

In the present study we describe biomass, productivity, and nutrient cycling in an 8-year-old Eucalyptustereticornis Sm. (Eucalyptus hybrid) plantation and compare them with those of a Populusdeltoides Bartr. plantation of the same age and area, a natural sal (Shorearobusta Gaertn. F.) forest, and other natural forests of the central Himalaya. The total vegetation biomass of the Eucalyptus plantation (126.7 t•ha−1) was lower than that of the P. deltoides plantation (176 t•ha−1) and natural forests (163.4–786.7 t•ha−1). The net primary productivity of the Eucalyptus plantation (23.4 t•ha−1•year−1) was similar to that of the P. deltoides plantation (25 t•ha−1•year−1) and the natural sal forest (22 t•ha−1•year−1). The net nutrient uptake of Eucalyptus was lower than that of Populus plantation and natural forests.

scholarly journals Modeling vegetation and carbon dynamics of managed grasslands at the global scale with LPJmL 3.6

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 429-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Rolinski ◽  
Christoph Müller ◽  
Jens Heinke ◽  
Isabelle Weindl ◽  
Anne Biewald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Dynamic Global Vegetation Model ◽  
Soil Carbon Content ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Grassland management affects the carbon fluxes of one-third of the global land area and is thus an important factor for the global carbon budget. Nonetheless, this aspect has been largely neglected or underrepresented in global carbon cycle models. We investigate four harvesting schemes for the managed grassland implementation of the dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed Land (LPJmL) that facilitate a better representation of actual management systems globally. We describe the model implementation and analyze simulation results with respect to harvest, net primary productivity and soil carbon content and by evaluating them against reported grass yields in Europe. We demonstrate the importance of accounting for differences in grassland management by assessing potential livestock grazing densities as well as the impacts of grazing, grazing intensities and mowing systems on soil carbon stocks. Grazing leads to soil carbon losses in polar or arid regions even at moderate livestock densities (<  0.4 livestock units per hectare – LSU ha−1) but not in temperate regions even at much higher densities (0.4 to 1.2 LSU ha−1). Applying LPJmL with the new grassland management options enables assessments of the global grassland production and its impact on the terrestrial biogeochemical cycles but requires a global data set on current grassland management.

scholarly journals Extinctions have strongly reduced the mammalian consumption of primary productivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Østergaard Pedersen ◽  
Søren Faurby ◽  
Jens-Christian Svenning
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Herbivorous Mammals

AbstractHerbivorous mammals are important for natural ecosystems even today, but how much stronger would there effects be without human-linked extinctions and extirpations? The ranges of many mammal species have contracted and numerous species have gone extinct due to human pressures, so herbivore impacts in even seemingly natural ecosystems likely deviate from their pre-anthropogenic state. However, such effects remain poorly understood and often unrecognized. To address this issue, we here quantified and mapped plant consumption by all terrestrial mammals in natural areas based on both current and estimated natural ranges. We then compared the estimated consumption rates to current plant net primary productivity, and summarised the results for global ecosystem types both broadly and in the wildest remaining natural areas around the world (the Last of the Wild). We found that wild mammals consume 7.3% (95% interquantile range: 0.85% - 26%) of net primary productivity in current natural areas, and that this would be much higher in the absence of extinctions and extirpations, namely 13% (95% interquantile range: 1.7% - 40%), i.e., a >50% higher consumption rate. Marked human-linked declines in herbivory were seen even in the wildest remaining natural areas, where mammals now consume a mean of 9% (95% interquantile range: 2.2% - 26%) of plant primary productivity, which is only 60% of no-extinction level. Our results show that mammalian herbivores naturally play an important part in ecosystems at a global scale, but that this effect has been strongly reduced by extinctions and extirpations.

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