Exhumation of HP/UHP rocks by normal ductile shearing on top of the Eocene extruding wedge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Ballèvre ◽  
Paola Manzotti
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Greenschist Facies ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Frontal Part ◽  
Ductile Shearing ◽  
Shear Sense ◽  
Eclogite Facies ◽  
Ductile Shear

<p>A popular model for the exhumation of HP-UHP rocks is the ‘extruding wedge’ model, where a crustal slice is bounded at its base by a ‘thrust shear-sense’ fault and to the top by a ‘normal shear-sense’ fault. In the Western Alps, the late Eocene Combin Shear Zone (CSZ) allowed extrusion of a wedge made by the Briançonnais-Piemonte-Liguria (‘Penninic’) stack.</p><p>Geological mapping has established the geometry and continuity of the CSZ from the frontal part of the Dent Blanche Tectonic System to the western boundary of the Sesia Zone. The CSZ has been cut during the Miocene by the brittle Aosta-Ranzola Fault, with an estimated downthrow of the northern block of c. 2.5 km with respect to the southern block. Consequently, the sections observed north (Monte Rosa) and South (Gran Paradiso) of the Aosta Fault display different structural levels in the Alpine nappe stack. The CSZ has been folded (Vanzone phase) during the final part of its history (i.e. when displacement along the CSZ was no more taking place), due to the indentation of the Adriatic mantle. This offers us the unique opportunity to study the change in deformation mechanisms along the shear zone (for a distance parallel to its displacement of about 50 km).</p><p>Salient characteristics of the CSZ are the following. (i) The thickness of the ductile shear zone increases from NW (frontal part of the Dent Blanche) to SE (frontal part of the Sesia Zone), from a few hundred metres to several kilometres. The type of lithologies pervasively reworked by the ductile shear changes along strike (dominantly calcschists from the topmost oceanic units in the Combin Zone, possibly up to the whole of the ‘Gneiss Minuti’ in the frontal Sesia Zone). (ii) The main ductile deformation along the CSZ was taking place at greenschist-facies conditions, overprinting eclogite-facies to greenschist-facies deformations of Cretaceous to Middle Eocene age. The CSZ is cutting and reworking eclogite-facies structures developed in its hangingwall (Sesia) as well as in its footwall (Zermatt). (iii) Ductile displacement along the CSZ is associated with the development in its footwall of south-east-verging, kilometre-scale, folds (Mischabel phase). The sedimentary sequences of the Pancherot-Cime Bianche-Bettaforca Unit may be used to estimate the minimum amount of ‘normal shear sense’ displacement of the order of 15-20 km.</p><p>A kinematic model integrating slab roll-back, ‘thrust shear-sense’ at the base and ‘normal shear-sense’ displacement on top of the Eocene eclogite-facies stack will be presented.</p>

scholarly journals Polyphase deformation along the South Bohemian Batholith-Moldanubian nappes boundary – The Freyenstein Fault System (Bohemian Massif/Austria)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-153
Author(s):  
Gerit E. U. Griesmeier ◽  
Christoph Iglseder ◽  
Ralf Schuster ◽  
Konstantin Petrakakis
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Bohemian Massif ◽  
Potassium Feldspar ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Greenschist Facies ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Ductile Shear Zone ◽  
The South ◽  
Shear Sense ◽  
Ductile Shear

AbstractThis work describes the Freyenstein Fault System, which extends over 45 km in the southeastern part of the Bohemian Massif (Lower Austria). It represents a ductile shear zone overprinted by a brittle fault located at the eastern edge of the South Bohemian Batholith towards the Moldanubian nappes. It affects Weinsberg- and a more “fine-grained” granite, interlayered aplitic granite and pegmatite dikes as well as paragneiss of the Ostrong Nappe System. The ductile shear zone is represented by approximately 500 m thick greenschist-facies mylonite dipping about 60° to the southeast. Shear-sense criteria like clast geometries, SCC`-type shear band fabrics as well as abundant microstructures show top to the south/ southsouthwest normal shearing with a dextral strike-slip component. Mineral assemblages in mylonitized granitoid consist of pre- to syntectonic muscovite- and biotite-porphyroclasts as well as dynamically recrystallized potassium feldspar, plagioclase and quartz. Dynamic recrystallization of potassium feldspar and the stability of biotite indicate upper green-schist-facies metamorphic conditions during the early phase of deformation. Fluid infiltration at lower greenschist-facies conditions led to local sericitization of feldspar and synmylonitic chloritisation of biotite during a later stage of ductile deformation. Finally, a brittle overprint by a north-south trending, subvertical, sinistral strike-slip fault that shows a normal component is observed. Ductile normal shearing along the Freyenstein Shear Zone is interpreted to have occurred between 320 Ma and c. 300 Ma. This time interval is indicated by literature data on the emplacement of the hostrock and cooling below c. 300°C inferred from two Rb-Sr biotite ages measured on undeformed granites close to the shear zone yielding 309.6 ± 3 Ma and 290.9 ± 2.9 Ma, respectively. Brittle sinistral strike-slip faulting at less than 300°C presumably took place not earlier than 300 Ma. Early ductile shearing along the Freyenstein Fault System may be genetically, but not kinematically linked to the Strudengau Shear Zone, as both acted in an extensional regime during late Variscan orogenic collapse. A relation to other major northeast-southwest trending faults of this part of the Bohemian Massif (e.g. the Vitis-Pribyslav Fault System) is indicated for the phase of brittle sinistral movement.

Ductile shearing of Apennine allochtonous units and Messinian terrigenous deposits on top of the Inner Apulian Platform (Monte Alpi, Southern Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Prosser ◽  
Fabrizio Agosta ◽  
Alessandro Giuffrida ◽  
Claudia Belviso ◽  
Francesco Cavalcante
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Late Pliocene ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Ductile Shearing ◽  
Shear Sense

<p>Mylonites are common structural elements in basement complexes. There, strain localization within shear zones occurs at amphibolite to greenschist facieses. More rarely, it also takes place at low-grade to anchizonal conditions in the external portions of orogenic belts. In the present contribution, we document the large-scale architecture, micro-structure, and mineralogy of a prominent shear zone exposed along the southern flank of the Monte Alpi Unit, southern Apennines, Italy. Deformation localized within the Messinian sedimentary protolith topping the carbonates of the Apulian Platform, and in the lowermost tectonic units of the Apennine allochton. Integration of results achieved after field geological mapping, outcrop structural analyses, optical and SEM micropscopy, and X-Ray diffrattometry permits to assess the time-space evolution of the main deformation mechanisms in the aforementioned shear zone. The shear zone involved Messinian shale, sandstones and conglomerates originally deposited in a foreland basin system, and Mesozoic claystones, limestones, and marls that formed in deep basinal environments. Now days, the mylonitic foliation is sub-parallel to the tectonic contact between the Messinian sedimentary cover of the Apulian carbonates and the overlying allochton. Shear-related deformation produced a foliated mylonitic fabric dipping ca. 20° S, and a well-developed, east-trending stretching lineation defined by aligned quartz and/or calcite grains. The conglomeratic levels were boudinaged, and the individual elongated pebbles re-oriented along slip direction. The microstructure of mylonites is characterized by a fine-grained calcite matrix, which shows an intense foliation due to dark bands made up of oxides, organic matter, and minor phyllosilicates. X-ray diffraction data performed on the Messinian shales and Mesozoic claystones, indicate the presence of mixed layer illite/smectite with 80-90% of illite and R1/R3 ordering thus suggesting an high digenetic grade (temperature: 120-140 °C). The two analyzed lithologies mainly differ in the presence of kaolinite, which occurs in the more proximal Messinian facies. Altogether, outcrop-scale kinematic markers such as shear bands, rootles folds and asymmetric porphyroclasts show a consistent top-to-the-east shear sense. Mineralogical and microstructural data indicate that shearing took place at a depth of 6-7 km during the Early Pliocene emplacement of the Apennine allochton on the Apulian Platform, and then exhumed by Late Pliocene low-angle normal faulting, Lower Pleistocene transpression, and Middle-Pleistocene-Holocene high-angle extensional faulting. In summary, the eastward motion of the allochton produced intense and localized low-temperature shearing in sediments on top of the Apulian Platform and in the overlying allochton. A subsequent reactivation of this shear zones as low-angle normal fault during late Pliocene exhumation is envisioned.</p>

Regional setting and kinematic features of the Needle Falls Shear Zone, Trans-Hudson Orogen

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1338-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mel R. Stauffer ◽  
John F. Lewry
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Simple Shear ◽  
Country Rock ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Lake Zone ◽  
Shear Sense ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
Ductile Shear ◽  
Shear Sense Indicators

Needle Falls Shear Zone is the southern part of a major northeast-trending ductile shear system within the Paleoproterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen in Saskatchewan. Throughout its exposed length of ~400 km, the shear zone separates reworked Archean continental crust and infolded Paleoproterozoic supracrustals of the Cree Lake Zone, to the northwest, from mainly juvenile Paleoproterozoic arc terrains and granitoid plutons of the Reindeer Zone, to the southeast. It also defines the northwest margin of the ca. 1855 Ma Wathaman Batholith, which forms the main protolith to shear zone mylonites. Although not precisely dated, available age constraints suggest that the shear zone formed between ca. 1855 and 1800 Ma, toward the end of peak thermotectonism in this part of the orogen.In the Needle Falls study area, shear zone mylonites exhibit varied, sequentially developed, ductile to brittle fabric features, including C–S fabrics, winged porphyroclasts (especially delta type), small-scale compressional and extensional microfaults ranging from thin ductile shear zones to late brittle faults, early isoclinal and sheath folds, later asymmetric folds related to compressional microfaults, and variably rotated and (or) folded quartz veins. All ductile shear-sense indicators suggest dextral displacement, as do most later ductile–brittle transition and brittle features. In conjunction with a gently north–northeast-plunging extension lineation, such data indicate oblique east-side-up dextral movement across the shear zone. However, preexisting structures in country rock protoliths rotate into the shear zone in a sense contrary to that predicted by ideal dextral simple shear, a feature thought to reflect significant flattening across the shear zone. Other ductile to brittle fabric elements in the mylonites are consistent with general noncoaxial strain, rather than ideal simple shear. Amount of displacement cannot be measured but indirect estimates suggest approximately 40 ± 20 km.The Needle Falls Shear Zone is too small and has developed too late in regional tectonic history to be considered a crustal suture. Rather, it is interpreted as either a late-tectonic oblique collisional structure or as the result of counterclockwise oroclinal rotation of the southern part of the orogen.

scholarly journals Precise Location and Mapping of the Main Central Thrust Zone in Reference to Micro-Structures and Deformation along Khudi-Tal Area of Marsyangdi Valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Lokendra Pandeya ◽  
Kabi Raj Paudyal
Keyword(s):  
Regional Metamorphism ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Lesser Himalaya ◽  
Main Central Thrust ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Ductile Shearing ◽  
Shear Sense ◽  
Micro Structures

Geological mapping was carried out along Marsyangdi valley in the Khudi - Dahare -Tal area on a scale of 1: 50,000 covering about 142 square kilometers. Recent study aims to locate the Main Central Thrust (MCT) precisely based on lithostratigraphy, micro-structures, deformation, and metamorphism. Several thin sections were observed to study the metamorphism, deformation, and micro-structures developed in the rocks. The rocks sequences in both the Higher Himalaya and the Lesser Himalaya have undergone polyphase metamorphism and deformation. The Lesser Himalaya experienced first burial metamorphism (M1) followed by garnet grade inverted metamorphism related to the MCT activity (M2) followed by retrograde metamorphism (M3) whereas the Higher Himalaya has undergone regional high-pressure/ high-temperature kyanite/ sillimanite- grade prograde regional metamorphism (M1) followed by the (M2) related to ductile sharing which in turn is overprinted by the later post-tectonic retrograde garnet to chlorite grade metamorphism during exhumation. The polyphase deformation is indicated by the cross-cutting foliation and many other features. The deformation phase D1 is associated with the development of the bedding parallel foliation due to burial in both the Higher Himalaya and the Lesser Himalaya. Isoclinal folds and crenulation cleavage were developed before the collision is categorized as D2. Development of nearly N- S trending mineral and stretching lineation, south vergent drag folds, folded S2 cleavage and microscopic shear sense indicators, rotated syn- tectonic garnet grains, etc. were developed during the deformation D3 related to the ductile shearing through the MCT. Various brittle faults and shear zones cross-cutting all earlier features were developed during D4 during the upheaval. The rocks in the MCT zone are affected by intense sharing and mylonitization as indicated by the presence of many mylonitic structures in the thin sections throughout the Lesser Himalaya in the area. Features like polygonization and ribbon quartz with evidence of sub-grain rotation, mica fish, syn-tectonic rotated garnet grains indicate the ductile shearing in the MCT area suggesting the dynamic recrystallization in the MCT zone whereas rocks of the Higher Himalaya show the evidence of recrystallization under static condition. The MCT zone was mapped precisely based on the microstructures and deformation.

Complex kinematics in a major ductile shear zone, NW Shetland: Evidence of ductile extrusion during Caledonian transpression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Armitage ◽  
Robert Holdsworth ◽  
Robin Strachan ◽  
Thomas Zach ◽  
Diana Alvarez-Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
White Mica ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Amphibolite Facies ◽  
Lateral Extrusion ◽  
Shear Sense ◽  
Ductile Shear

<p>Ductile shear zones are heterogeneous areas of strain localisation which often display variation in strain geometry and combinations of coaxial and non-coaxial deformation. One such heterogeneous shear zone is the c. 2 km thick Uyea Shear Zone (USZ) in northwest Mainland Shetland (UK), which separates variably deformed Neoarchaean orthogneisses in its footwall from Neoproterozoic metasediments in its hanging wall (Fig. a). The USZ is characterised by decimetre-scale layers of dip-slip thrusting and extension, strike-slip sinistral and dextral shear senses and interleaved ultramylonitic coaxially deformed horizons. Within the zones of transition between shear sense layers, mineral lineations swing from foliation down-dip to foliation-parallel in kinematically compatible, anticlockwise/clockwise-rotations on a local and regional scale (Fig. b). Rb-Sr dating of white mica grains via laser ablation indicates a c. 440-425 Ma Caledonian age for dip-slip and strike-slip layers and an 800 Ma Neoproterozoic age for coaxial layers. Quartz opening angles and microstructures suggest an upper-greenschist to lower-amphibolite facies temperature for deformation. We propose that a Neoproterozoic, coaxial event is overprinted by Caledonian sinistral transpression under upper greenschist/lower amphibolite facies conditions. Interleaved kinematics and mineral lineation swings are attributed to result from differential flow rates resulting in vertical and lateral extrusion and indicate regional-scale sinistral transpression during the Caledonian orogeny in NW Shetland. This study highlights the importance of linking geochronology to microstructures in a poly-deformed terrane and is a rare example of a highly heterogeneous shear zone in which both vertical and lateral extrusion occurred during transpression.</p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.0cf6ef44e5ff57820599061/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=d96bb6db75eed0739f2a6ee90c9ad8fd&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p>

Early Devonian sinistral strike-slip in the Caledonian basement of Oscar II Land advocates for escape tectonics as a major mechanism for Svalbard terranes assembly

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Ziemniak ◽  
Jarosław Majka ◽  
Maciej Manecki ◽  
Katarzyna Walczak ◽  
Pauline Jeanneret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Greenschist Facies ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
Mylonitic Foliation

<p>The Svalbard’s Southwestern Basement Province in contrary to the Northwestern and Eastern Basement Provinces is commonly correlated with the Pearya Terrane or Timanides and bears a complicated internal structure. Here, we present new data from Oscar II Land supporting the model of Svalbard’s Basement being divided into the Laurentia and Barentsia plates in the late-Caledonian period.</p><p>In Oscar II Land the enigmatic Müllerneset Formation is tectonically juxtaposed against the remaining greenschist facies metamorphosed basement. It consists of Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic metapelites and metapsammites that experienced a polymetamorphic history. The progressive amphibolite facies event M1 of unknown age reached the pressure-temperatures conditions of 5-7 kbar at 500-560 °C. The subsequent greenschist facies overprint (M2) is associated with mylonitization strongly pronounced across the whole Müllerneset Formation. Mylonitic foliation S2 dips steeply to the SW and it is associated with a stretching lineation dipping moderately-to-shallowly to the SE. In the western part of the unit, monazite is growing within the S2 foliation and related shear bands mainly replacing allanite. Th-U-total Pb dating of homogenous monazite population yielded a weighted average age of 410 ± 7 Ma with MSWD = 0.26 and p = 0.997. In the western part, where mylonitic foliation is less prevalent, monazite growths within M1 porphyroblasts and within the S2 foliation. Th-U-total Pb dating revealed an array of ages between 480 – 280 Ma with no correlation of chemical or structural features allowing divisions into subgroups.</p><p>Dating results indicating an early Caledonian signal should be attributed to the progressive M1 event. Uniform monazite age of 410 ± 7 Ma in the western part represents the timing of the M2 greenschist facies overprint. Younger ages obtained in the eastern part suggest fluid related disturbance of Th-U-Pb system during late Caledonian, Ellesmerian and Eurekan events. The timing of monazite growth during the M2 event is identical with the 410 ± 2 Ma <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar cooling age reported by Dallmeyer (1989). Geochronological evidence combined with structural observations suggests that the Müllerneset Formation in the Early Devonian was tectonically exhumed on the NW-SE trending left-lateral strike- to oblique-slip shear zone. Similarly oriented tectonic zones within the Southwestern Basement Province, in the Berzeliuseggene unit and the Vimsodden-Kosibapasset Shear Zone are also of similar age. This set of anastomosing shear zones is roughly parallel to the proposed orientation of the suture between Barentsia and Laurentia (Gudlaugsson et al. 1998). The documented Early Devonian sinistral displacement may mark the western boundary of the Barentsia microplate laterally extruded during the final Caledonian collision in a style similar to present day Anatolian Plate escape.</p><p>This work is funded by NCN research project no. 2015/17/B/ST10/03114, AGH statutory funds 16.16.140.315 and RCN Arctic Field Grant no. 282546.</p><p>Dallmeyer, R. D. (1989). Partial thermal resetting of<sup> 40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar mineral ages in western Spitsbergen, Svalbard: possible evidence for Tertiary metamorphism. Geological Magazine, 126(5), 587-593.</p><p>Gudlaugsson, S. T., Faleide, J. I., Johansen, S. E., & Breivik, A. J. (1998). Late Palaeozoic structural development of the south-western Barents Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 15(1), 73-102.</p>

Structural evolution and tectonic significance of the Eastern Highlands shear zone in Cape Breton Island, the Canadian Appalachians

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoufa Lin
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Greenschist Facies ◽  
Amphibolite Facies ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Cape Breton Island ◽  
Cape Breton ◽  
Shear Sense ◽  
Eastern Highlands ◽  
Canadian Appalachians

The Eastern Highlands shear zone in Cape Breton Island of the Canadian Appalachians is characterized by an amphibolite-facies deformation zone over 5 km wide overprinted by a greenschist-facies mylonite zone about 1 km wide. Deformation zones in both metamorphic grades dip steeply to the southeast with movement direction pitching steeply to the southwest, and shear sense indicators indicate the same sense of shear, that is, an east-over-west dip-slip movement with minor sinistral strike-slip component. Deformation in both conditions is constrained to the Late Silurian to Early Devonian (mainly Late Silurian). It is suggested that the greenschist-facies deformation represents the last stage of a single episode of deformation that occurred initially under amphibolite-facies conditions. The west-vergent shearing along the shear zone is antithetic to the westward subduction that led to the Silurian continent-continent collision, which is interpreted by tectonic wedging in this part of the Canadian Appalachians.

Reaction softening by dissolution-precipitation creep in a retrograde greenschist facies ductile shear zone, New Hampshire, USA

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. McAleer ◽  
D. L. Bish ◽  
M. J. Kunk ◽  
K. R. Sicard ◽  
P. M. Valley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Greenschist Facies ◽  
Ductile Shear Zone ◽  
Ductile Shear

Structural analysis of the Nanchang-Wanzai sinistral ductile shear zone (Jiangnan region, South China)

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangshu Shu ◽  
Jacques Charvet ◽  
Yangshen Shi ◽  
Michel Faure ◽  
Dominique Cluzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Shear Zone ◽  
South China ◽  
Ductile Shear Zone ◽  
Ductile Shear
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