scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 on CO2 emissions in the Los Angeles and Washington DC/Baltimore metropolitan areas 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Karion ◽  
Vineet Yadav ◽  
Subhomoy Ghosh ◽  
Kimberly Mueller ◽  
Geoffrey Roest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Model Dependency ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

<div> <div> <div> <p>Responses to COVID-19 have resulted in unintended reductions of city-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Here we detect and estimate decreases in CO2 emissions in Los Angeles and Washington DC/Baltimore during March and April 2020. Our analysis uses three lines of evidence with increasing model dependency. The first detects the timing of emissions declines using the variability in atmospheric CO2 observations, the second assesses the continuation of reduced emissions using CO2 enhancements, and the third employs an inverse model to estimate the relative emissions changes in 2020 compared to 2018 and 2019. Emissions declines began in mid-March in both cities. The March decrease (25%) in Washington DC/Baltimore is largely supported by a drop in natural gas consumption associated with a warm spring whereas the decrease in April (33%) correlates with changes in gasoline fuel sales, a proxy for vehicular emissions. In contrast, only a fraction of the March (17%) and April (34%) reduction in Los Angeles is explained by traffic declines, while the remainder of the emissions reduction remains unexplained. To help diagnose such observed changes in emissions, more reliable, publicly available emission information from all significant sectors needs to be made available. Methods and measurements used herein highlight the advantages of atmospheric CO2 observations for providing timely insights into rapidly changing urban emissions patterns that can empower cities to course-correct mitigation activities more efficiently.</p> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Analyzing the Renewable Energy and CO2 Emission Levels Nexus at an EU Level: A Panel Data Regression Approach

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Mihail Busu ◽  
Alexandra Catalina Nedelcu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Urbanization Level ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

In the past decades, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have become an important issue for many researchers and policy makers. The focus of scientists and experts in the area is mainly on lowering the CO2 emission levels. In this article, panel data is analyzed with an econometric model, to estimate the impact of renewable energy, biofuels, bioenergy efficiency, population, and urbanization level on CO2 emissions in European Union (EU) countries. Our results underline the fact that urbanization level has a negative impact on increasing CO2 emissions, while biofuels, bioenergy production, and renewable energy consumption have positive and direct impacts on reducing CO2 emissions. Moreover, population growth and urbanization level are negatively correlated with CO2 emission levels. The authors’ findings suggest that the public policies at the national level must encourage the consumption of renewable energy and biofuels in the EU, while population and urbanization level should come along with more restrictions on CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Future Ocean Acidification to Carbon Climate Feedbacks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Matear ◽  
Andrew Lenton
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Climate Feedbacks ◽  
The Future ◽  
Emissions Scenarios ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Carbon-climate feedbacks have the potential to significantly impact the future climate by altering atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Zaehle et al., 2010). By modifying the future atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the carbon-climate feedbacks will also influence the future trajectory for ocean acidification. Here, we use the CO2 emissions scenarios from 4 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) with an Earth System Model to project the future trajectories of ocean acidification with the inclusion of carbon-climate feedbacks. We show that simulated carbon-climate feedbacks can significantly impact the onset of under-saturated aragonite conditions in the Southern and Arctic Oceans, the suitable habitat for tropical coral and the deepwater saturation states. Under higher emission scenarios (RCP8.5 and RCP6.0), the carbon-climate feedbacks advance the onset of under-saturation conditions and the reduction in suitable coral reef habitat by a decade or more. The impact of the carbon-climate feedback is most significant for the medium (RCP4.5) and low emission (RCP2.6) scenarios. For RCP4.5 scenario by 2100, the carbon-climate feedbacks nearly double the area of surface water under-saturated respect to aragonite and reduce by 50 % the surface water suitable for coral reefs. For RCP2.6 scenario by 2100, the carbon-climate feedbacks reduce the area suitable for coral reefs by 40 % and increase the area of under-saturated surface water by 20 %. The high sensitivity of the impact of ocean acidification to the carbon-climate feedbacks in the low to medium emissions scenarios is important because our recent commitments to reduce CO2 emissions are trying to move us on to such an emissions scenario. The study highlights the need to better characterise the carbon-climate feedbacks to ensure we do not excessively stress the oceans by under-estimating the future impact of ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Climate change and agroecosystems: the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on crop growth, development, and yield

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 730-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nereu Augusto Streck
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) of the Earth´s atmosphere is increasing, which has the potential of increasing greenhouse effect and air temperature in the future. Plants respond to environment CO2 and temperature. Therefore, climate change may affect agriculture. The purpose of this paper was to review the literature about the impact of a possible increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on crop growth, development, and yield. Increasing CO2 concentration increases crop yield once the substrate for photosynthesis and the gradient of CO2 concentration between atmosphere and leaf increase. C3 plants will benefit more than C4 plants at elevated CO2. However, if global warming will take place, an increase in temperature may offset the benefits of increasing CO2 on crop yield.

scholarly journals FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, TRADE, AND URBANIZATION ON CO2 EMISSIONS: NEW EVIDENCE FROM KYOTO ANNEX COUNTRIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizwan Nazir ◽  
Muhammad Imran Nazir ◽  
Shujahat Haider Hashmi ◽  
Zeeshan Fareed
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Financial Reforms ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

This study attempts to empirically investigate the impact of financial development, income, trade openness, and urbanization on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the 21 Kyoto Annex countries using a balance panel data and GMM system over the period of 1970-2016. The results show a positive relationship between income and CO2 emissions in long-run. All models support the EKC hypothesis which assumes an inverted U-shaped relationship among income and environmental degradation. Financial development has a long-run negative influence on CO2 emissions, indicating that financial development reduces the environmental degradation. This means that financial development can be used as an implement to keep the degradation environmental clean by presenting financial reforms. The urbanization declines the CO2 emissions; however, it is essential for the policymakers and urban planners in these countries to control the rapid increase in urbanization. The panel causality confirms that bi-directional causal relationship between financial development, CO2 emissions, income, trade openness, and Urbanization in short-run.

scholarly journals Localize the Impact of Global Greenhouse Gases Emissions under an Uncertain Future: A Case Study in Western Cape, South Africa

Earth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-123
Author(s):  
Bowen He ◽  
Ke J. Ding
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Emissions Scenarios ◽  
Rcp 8.5 ◽  
The Impact

The growing impact of CO2 and other greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions on the socio-climate system in the Western Cape, South Africa, urgently calls for the need for better climate adaptation and emissions-reduction strategies. While the consensus has been that there is a strong correlation between CO2 emissions and the global climate system, few studies on climate change in the Western Cape have quantified the impact of climate change on local climate metrics such as precipitation and evaporation under different future climate scenarios. The present study investigates three different CO2 emissions scenarios: Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5, from moderate to severe, respectively. Specifically, we used climate metrics including precipitation, daily mean and maximum near-surface air temperature, and evaporation to evaluate the future climate in Western Cape under each different RCP climate scenario. The projected simulation results reveal that temperature-related metrics are more sensitive to CO2 emissions than water-related metrics. Districts closer to the south coast are more resilient to severer GHG emissions scenarios compared to inland areas regarding temperature and rainfall; however, coastal regions are more likely to suffer from severe droughts such as the “Day-Zero” water crisis. As a result, a robust drying signal across the Western Cape region is likely to be seen in the second half of the 21st century, especially under the scenario of RCP 8.5 (business as usual) without efficient emissions reduction policies.

scholarly journals Empirical Explanations of Carbon Mitigation during Periods of Economic Growth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranran Wang ◽  
Valentina A. Assenova ◽  
Edgar Hertwich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Emissions Reductions ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Prior research on the empirical relationship between anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth, as measured by increases in gross domestic product (GDP), indicate that a 1% growth in GDP can lead to anything between an increase in emissions by 2.5% to a decline by 0.3%. Studies have paid little attention to independent mechanisms that reduce emissions. Statistical properties of the data undermine the estimation techniques used in many studies. To address these shortcomings, we used novel methods and panel data integrating emissions, economic, and energy-system characteristics across 70 economies over 1970-2013 to derive a universal GDP-emissions relationship and identify key emissions-reduction mechanisms. We found that, robust to a variety of estimation procedures, every 1% increase in GDP was associated with a 1% increase in CO2 emissions when controlling for other mechanisms. Emissions reductions were mainly driven by four mechanisms: (i) energy system decarbonization, (ii) increased economic efficiency, (iii) electrification, and (iv) deindustrialization. A 1% increase in these factors was associated with 0.2-1.8% reductions in CO2 emissions per year; together, these factors contributed to 18 petagrams of emissions reduction globally over 1970-2013. Decarbonization contributed most to emissions reductions in high-income economies, while economic efficiency and electrification contributed most to reductions in low-income economies.

scholarly journals On the impact of Urbanisation on CO2 Emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Luqman ◽  
Peter Rayner ◽  
Kevin Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban Extent ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

We use a globally consistent, time-resolved data set of CO2 emission proxies to quantify urban CO2 emissions in 91 cities. We decompose emissiontrends into contributions from changes in urban extent, population density and per capita emissions. We find that urban CO2 emissions areincreasing everywhere but that the dominant contributors differ according to development level. A cluster analysis of factors shows that developingcountries were dominated by cities with rapid area and per capita CO2 emissions increases. Cities in the developed world, by contrast, show slow area and per capita CO2 emissions growth. China is an important intermediate case with rapid urban area growth combined with slower per capita CO2 emissions growth. For many developed countries, urban per capita emissions are often lower than their national average suggesting that urbanisation may reduce overall emissions. However trends in per capita urban emissions are higher than their national equivalent almost everywhere suggesting that urbanisation will become a more serious problem in future. An important exception is China whose per capita urban emissions are growing more slowly than the national value. We also see anegative correlation between trends in population density and per capita CO2 emissions, highlighting a strong role for densification as a tool toreduce CO2 emissions.

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emission

2017 ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oguzhan Aydemir ◽  
Feyyaz Zeren
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Pollution Haven Hypothesis ◽  
Pollution Haven ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pollution Halo Hypothesis

In the literature, the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is explained by two different hypotheses: Pollution Halo and Pollution Haven Hypothesis. While Pollution Halo hypothesis states that FDI provides advanced technology to countries and accordingly decreases CO2 emissions, Pollution Haven Hypothesis indicates that there is a positive relationship between FDI and CO2. In this regard, in this study, the impact of FDI on CO2 emissions in the selected 10 of G-20 countries in the period of 1970-2010 is investigated by using panel data analysis. The empirical findings show that panels have cross-section dependence and these two panels are stationary in different levels. Moreover, the existence of long term relationship between panels is found by using Durbin Hausmann panel cointegration test. The results of the study also show that while Pollution Halo Hypothesis is valid for USA, France and Argentina, Pollution Haven Hypothesis is valid for UK, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Italy, Mexico and Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals The Impact of International Tourism on Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Asean Five Country

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Aulia Hapsari Juwita ◽  
Suryanto Suryanto ◽  
Bhimo Rizky Samudro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationships ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this paper is the international tourism have impact on economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissionsin ASEAN Five (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore) or not. There are increase in tourism receipts, GDP, and FDI as well as CO2 emissions approximately 9%, 5%, 4% and 26% respectively. They are always increasing, but is there any relation between international tourism, GDP and carbon dioxide (CO2). This research employs data from 1995 to 2018 to examine long-run equilibrium relationships between tourism, CO2, economic growth and foreign direct investment (FDI). Panel analysis with unit root and cointegration test approachis utilized. This paper found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationships between each variable.The tourism receipt, FDI and CO2 emissions affect economic growth positively and statistically significant. In addition, economic growth affect CO2 emissions while tourism does not affect CO2 and FDI indicates a negative relationship on CO2 emissions. Finally, the paper reveals that international tourism receipt affect economic growth but does not affect CO2.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis and estimation of amounts of exhaust gas waste heat from the Tier III-compliant dual-fuel low-speed marine main engines

Pomorstvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-140
Author(s):  
Piotr Kamil Korlak
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact

Existing and future IMO restrictions on emission of harmful substances contained in exhaust gas have introduced an obligation to implement technical solutions to reduce NOX, SOX and CO2 emissions. Reduction in NOX and SOX emissions has been achieved by systems (i.e. SCR and EGR) ensuring Tier III-compliant exhaust gas composition. SCR and EGR systems have also affected the amount of exhaust gas waste heat. Therefore reduction in CO2 emissions has mostly been dependent on available amount of exhaust gas waste heat to produce electricity using waste heat recovery generator unit instead of medium-speed diesel generating set. Comparative analysis of amounts of exhaust gas waste heat in LNG and MGO modes under ISO ambient conditions has been carried out with particular emphasis on the impact of different variants of SCR and EGR systems. Formulae to estimate the amounts of exhaust gas waste heat have been determined using least squares method.

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