Processes of runoff formation at the Putorana Plateau (Central Siberia, Russia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Zemlianskova ◽  
Olga Makarieva ◽  
Nataliia Nesterova
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Runoff Formation ◽  
North West ◽  
Putorana Plateau

<p>The Putorana Plateau is located in the North-West of the Central Siberian Plateau in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in permafrost zone. Some mountain peaks reach a height of 1400 - 1700 m. The plateau is composed of stepped canyons formed by the outpouring of a huge mass of red-hot basalts. The Putorana Plateau is the territory that is still unexplored in hydrological terms. Climate change contributes to an increase in the thickness of seasonal thawing, therefore, the conditions of runoff formation change.</p><p>The purpose of the work is to study the factors of runoff formation, including the research of geocryological conditions based on short-term expedition data of the State Hydrological Institute (St. Petersburg, Russia) collected in small catchments in 1988-1990.</p><p>The object of study is the catchment of the stream Dupkun (an area of 2.75 sq. km), which is located in the basin of the Kureyka river basin, the right tributary of Yenisei River in the southwestern part of the Putorana Plateau. The maximum height of the catchment is 1228 m, and the hydrological gauge is located at an altitude of 923 m. The average slope of the catchment area is 12°. The landscape is a moss-grass mountain tundra, and perennial snowfields are also formed.</p><p>The expedition studies in the period from July 19 to September 4, 1990 included the collection of hydrometeorological information, the determination of soil characteristics (moisture content, temperature, structure at different depths and landscapes), and the study of snow cover. The route studies were conducted to determine the characteristics of landscapes, vegetation and soils in the basins of the rivers Kureyka and Khantayka.</p><p>The data of the expedition studies were processed, digitized and systematized.  Based on the collected material, the water balance of the stream Dupkun was calculated. The presence of perennial snowfields has a significant impact on the formation of runoff. At the beginning of observations, the area of snowfields was 15 %, the average snow height was 2.6 m, and the average density was 0.7 g / cm<sup>3</sup>. At the end of observations, snowfields occupied 8% of the catchment area. For 20 days, the snowmelt depth was 38 mm, the precipitation reached 140 mm, and the runoff was 167 mm. The runoff coefficient is 0.89. During the entire observation period, the runoff reached 355 mm.</p><p>These observations are considerable value due to the lack of knowledge of the geocryological, landscape and hydrological conditions of the Putorana Plateau. Since there are practically no hydrological stations in this region that study the processes of flow formation, the collected data become even more unique. Extremely scarce data allowed to conduct the assessment and verification of the parameters of the hydrological model "Hydrograph". The developed set of the model parameters was used to simulate the river flow of tundra landscapes of the Putorana Plateau and assess its contribution to the formation of the water balance of the territory in the current climate.</p><p>The study was supported by the RFBR (project No. 19-55-80028).</p>

scholarly journals PREDIKSI DEBIT ALIRAN MASUK KE TELAGA MENJER MENGGUNAKAN PERSAMAAN NERACA AIR DAN PEMODELAN HEC-HMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Hiro Agung Pratama ◽  
Jazaul Ikhsan ◽  
Apip Apip
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Inflow Prediction

The Menjer lake is the main source for Hydroelectric Power Plant of the PLTA Garung. Information about the water balance and the potential of existing water resources in the Menjer Catchment Area (DTA) is needed to obtain an efficient operating pattern, the sustainability of the Garung hydropower plant, and good management of the Menjer Lake. The purpose of this study was to estimate the inflow of three main rivers in the Menjer catchment area using HEC-HMS hydrological and water balance approach. Simulated results of the HEC-HMS model shows that the average of total the inflows of three main rivers to the Menjer lake in 2017, 2018 and 2019 during rainy season are 0.954 m3/s, 0.944 m3/s, and 1.017 m3/s, and during dry season are 0.820 m3/s, 0.783 m3/s, and 0.80 m3/s, respectively. While the prediction results of the discharge with the equation of the water balance shows that the average of total river inflows to the Menjer lake during rainy season is 2017 is 1.628 m3/s, in 2018 it is 1.579 m3/s, and in 2019 it is 3.296 m3/s and during dry season is 1.893 m3/s in 2017, 1.176 m3/s tahun 2018, and 1.893 m3/s in 2019. These results indicate that the results of discharge modeling with HEC-HMS are smaller than those predicted by the water balance equation. The study concluded that HEC-HMS could be used to predict daily inflows. However, further calibration and validation need to be carried out by recommending installing a river flow monitoring station at each river outlet.Keywords: water balance HEC-HMS, inflow prediction

scholarly journals A Model-Based Tool for Assessing the Impact of Land Use Change Scenarios on Flood Risk in Small-Scale River Systems—Part 1: Pre-Processing of Scenario Based Flood Characteristics for the Current State of Land Use

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Frauke Kachholz ◽  
Jens Tränckner
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Ungauged Catchments ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Impact

Land use changes influence the water balance and often increase surface runoff. The resulting impacts on river flow, water level, and flood should be identified beforehand in the phase of spatial planning. In two consecutive papers, we develop a model-based decision support system for quantifying the hydrological and stream hydraulic impacts of land use changes. Part 1 presents the semi-automatic set-up of physically based hydrological and hydraulic models on the basis of geodata analysis for the current state. Appropriate hydrological model parameters for ungauged catchments are derived by a transfer from a calibrated model. In the regarded lowland river basins, parameters of surface and groundwater inflow turned out to be particularly important. While the calibration delivers very good to good model results for flow (Evol =2.4%, R = 0.84, NSE = 0.84), the model performance is good to satisfactory (Evol = −9.6%, R = 0.88, NSE = 0.59) in a different river system parametrized with the transfer procedure. After transferring the concept to a larger area with various small rivers, the current state is analyzed by running simulations based on statistical rainfall scenarios. Results include watercourse section-specific capacities and excess volumes in case of flooding. The developed approach can relatively quickly generate physically reliable and spatially high-resolution results. Part 2 builds on the data generated in part 1 and presents the subsequent approach to assess hydrologic/hydrodynamic impacts of potential land use changes.

scholarly journals Zonal aspects of the influence of forest cover change on runoff in northern river basins of Central Siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Onuchin ◽  
Т. Burenina ◽  
А. Shvidenko ◽  
D. Prysov ◽  
A. Musokhranova
Keyword(s):  
River Runoff ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Runoff Formation ◽  
Forest Tundra

Abstract Background Assessment of the reasons for the ambiguous influence of forests on the structure of the water balance is the subject of heated debate among forest hydrologists. Influencing the components of total evaporation, forest vegetation makes a significant contribution to the process of runoff formation, but this process has specific features in different geographical zones. The issues of the influence of forest vegetation on river runoff in the zonal aspect have not been sufficiently studied. Results Based on the analysis of the dependence of river runoff on forest cover, using the example of nine catchments located in the forest-tundra, northern and middle taiga of Northern Eurasia, it is shown that the share of forest cover in the total catchment area (percentage of forest cover, FCP) has different effects on runoff formation. Numerical experiments with the developed empirical models have shown that an increase in forest cover in the catchment area in northern latitudes contributes to an increase in runoff, while in the southern direction (in the middle taiga) extensive woody cover of catchments “works” to reduce runoff. The effectiveness of geographical zonality in regards to the influence of forests on runoff is more pronounced in the forest-tundra zone than in the zones of northern and middle taiga. Conclusion The study of this problem allowed us to analyze various aspects of the hydrological role of forests, and to show that forest ecosystems, depending on environmental conditions and the spatial distribution of forest cover, can transform water regimes in different ways. Despite the fact that the process of river runoff formation is controlled by many factors, such as temperature conditions, precipitation regime, geomorphology and the presence of permafrost, the models obtained allow us to reveal general trends in the dependence of the annual river runoff on the percentage of forest cover, at the level of catchments. The results obtained are consistent with the concept of geographic determinism, which explains the contradictions that exist in assessing the hydrological role of forests in various geographical and climatic conditions. The results of the study may serve as the basis for regulation of the forest cover of northern Eurasian river basins in order to obtain the desired hydrological effect depending on environmental and economic conditions.

scholarly journals Factors associated with 56-day non-return rate in dairy cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 648-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Fouz ◽  
Fernando Gandoy ◽  
María Luisa Sanjuán ◽  
Eduardo Yus ◽  
Francisco Javier Diéguez
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Models ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Return Rate ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
North West ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Service Conception ◽  
Major Factors

The objective of this work was to identify factors associated with the 56-day non-return rate (56-NRR) in dairy herds in the Galician region, Spain, and to estimate it for individual Holstein bulls. The experiment was carried out in herds originated from North-West Spain, from September 2008 to August 2009. Data of the 76,440 first inseminations performed during this period were gathered. Candidate factors were tested for their association with the 56-NRR by using a logistic model (binomial). Afterwards, 37 sires with a minimum of 150 first performed inseminations were individually evaluated. Logistic models were also estimated for each bull, and predicted individual 56-NRR rate values were calculated as a solution for the model parameters. Logistic regression found four major factors associated with 56-NRR in lactating cows: age at insemination, days from calving to insemination, milk production level at the time of insemination, and herd size. First-service conception rate, when a particular sire was used, was higher for heifers (0.71) than for lactating cows (0.52). Non-return rates were highly variable among bulls. Asignificant part of the herd-level variation of 56-NRR of Holstein cattle seems attributable to the service sire. High correlation level between observed and predicted 56-NRR was found.

scholarly journals Kandungan Nitrat dan Fosfat Sedimen serta Keterkaitannya dengan Kerapatan Mangrove di Kawasan Mertasari di Aliran Sungai TPA Suwung Denpasar, Bali

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Desi Kusuma Dewi ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Putra Dirgayusa ◽  
Yulianto Suteja
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Mangrove Sediments ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Rubbish Dumps ◽  
The Village

Mangrove is a green plants tolerant of salt water, which grows mainly along the sheltered coastal areas, especially along the bay or in estuaries. Final Disposal (TPA) Rubbish Suwung which located in the village Pedungan South Denpasar District is the rubbish dumps originating from the city of Denpasar and Badung. There is a natural mangrove vegetation in the river TPA. Mertsari area which located in the village of Sanur, West Denpasar District is a mangrove planting area and tourism destination on the Mertasari Beach. The purpose of this research are as follows: (1) To identify the content of nitrate and phosphate in mangrove sediments, (2) To determine the density of mangrove in Region Mertasari and TPA Suwung River Flow and (3) To describe the mangrove density is linkage with nitrate and phosphate mangrove sediments. The method used on this research is linear regression. Nitrate and phosphate sediments of mangroves in TPA Suwung River Flow and Region Mertasari range of 0.04 ppm - 79.034 ppm. The average density results of the mangrove tree level, saplings and seedlings in different locations ranged 0.01 ind / m2 - 0.32 ind / m2. The river's flow TPA Suwung produce a simple linear regression calculation of nitrate mangrove sediments density y = -0,002x + 0,288 (R2 ) 10,1 %, and the calculation of the density sedimentary  phosphate mangrove produce y = 0,007x + 0,125  (R2) 6,1 %. The results of simple linear regression calculation of nitrate sediments density Mertasari mangrove area is y = -0,002x+ 0,537  R2 = 4,7%, and the calculation of the density sedimentary  phosphate mangrove produce y = -0,038x + 0,777 (R2) 63,7 %.

scholarly journals The importance of glacier and forest change in hydrological climate-impact studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Köplin ◽  
B. Schädler ◽  
D. Viviroli ◽  
R. Weingartner
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Glacier Retreat ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Forest Change ◽  
Impact Studies

Abstract. Changes in land cover alter the water balance components of a catchment, due to strong interactions between soils, vegetation and the atmosphere. Therefore, hydrological climate impact studies should also integrate scenarios of associated land cover change. To reflect two severe climate-induced changes in land cover, we applied scenarios of glacier retreat and forest cover increase that were derived from the temperature signals of the climate scenarios used in this study. The climate scenarios were derived from ten regional climate models from the ENSEMBLES project. Their respective temperature and precipitation changes between the scenario period (2074–2095) and the control period (1984–2005) were used to run a hydrological model. The relative importance of each of the three types of scenarios (climate, glacier, forest) was assessed through an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Altogether, 15 mountainous catchments in Switzerland were analysed, exhibiting different degrees of glaciation during the control period (0–51%) and different degrees of forest cover increase under scenarios of change (12–55% of the catchment area). The results show that even an extreme change in forest cover is negligible with respect to changes in runoff, but it is crucial as soon as changes in evaporation or soil moisture are concerned. For the latter two variables, the relative impact of forest change is proportional to the magnitude of its change. For changes that concern 35% of the catchment area or more, the effect of forest change on summer evapotranspiration is equally or even more important than the climate signal. For catchments with a glaciation of 10% or more in the control period, the glacier retreat significantly determines summer and annual runoff. The most important source of uncertainty in this study, though, is the climate scenario and it is highly recommended to apply an ensemble of climate scenarios in the impact studies. The results presented here are valid for the climatic region they were tested for, i.e., a humid, mid-latitude mountainous environment. They might be different for regions where the evaporation is a major component of the water balance, for example. Nevertheless, a hydrological climate-impact study that assesses the additional impacts of forest and glacier change is new so far and provides insight into the question whether or not it is necessary to account for land cover changes as part of climate change impacts on hydrological systems.

scholarly journals Size and Ambundance of glass eel Anguilla spp in mouth of Poigar River

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Kristanto R. Lumi ◽  
Victor N. R. Watung ◽  
Nego E. Bataragoa
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
Glass Eel ◽  
Phase Sampling ◽  
New Moon

The  aims of this study are determine the composition of the length and abundance of glass eel Anguilla spp that migrates at the mouth of the Poigar River. Sampling is done every month for four months in the new moon phase. Sampling site on one side of the Poigar River estuary, by making a 10 meter track in the direction of the river flow. The fishing gear used is a triangle-shaped handy scoop net with a length of 100 cm and a width of 75 cm. The catch of Glass eel eel for four months (from April to July 2018) as many as 3,551 individuals. Average length (± SD) in April was 44.4 ± 1.4 cm, May 48.7 ± 1.6 cm, June 51.1 ± 2.0 cm and July 51.1 ± 2.4 cm. The highest number of catches in May was 1,841 individuals, followed by June 785, July 860 individuals and April as many as 55 individuals. The average density of eels in April, Mai, June and July 2018 migrating in the sampling area of 10 x 0.7 meters is 1,160 individuals.Keywords: glass eel, size, abundance, Poigar River.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi ukuran panjang dan kelimpahan  ‘‘glass eel’’ sidat Anguilla spp yang bermigrasi di muara Sungai Poigar.  Pengambilan sampel dilakukan setiap bulan selama empat bulan pada  fase  bulan baru. Tempat sampling  pada  satu sisi muara Sungai Poigar, dengan membuat lintasan sepanjang 10 meter searah aliran sungai. Alat tangkap yang digunakan adalah seser (handy scoop net) berbentuk segitiga dengan panjang 100 cm dan lebar 75 cm. Hasil tangkapan Glass eel sidat selama empat bulan (dari bulan April sampai Juli 2018) sebanyak 3.551 individu.  Rata-rata  panjang (± SD) pada bulan April 44,4±1,4 cm, Mei 48,7±1,6 cm, Juni 51,1±2,0 cm dan Juli 51,1±2,4 cm.  Jumlah tangkapan terbanyak pada bulan Mei 1.841 individu, diikuti bulan Juni 785, bulan Juli 860 individu dan bulan April sebanyak 55 individu.  Rata-rata kepadatan sidat pada bulan April, Mai, Juni dan Juli 2018 yang bermigrasi dalam wilayah sampling 10 x 0,7 meter adalah 1.160 individu.Kata kunci: glass eel, ukuran, kelimpahan, Sungai Poigar.

scholarly journals A conceptual dynamic vegetation-soil model for arid and semiarid zones

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1175-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. Quevedo ◽  
F. Francés
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Soil Model ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Abstract. Plant ecosystems in arid and semiarid climates show high complexity, since they depend on water availability to carry out their vital processes. In these climates, water stress is the main factor controlling vegetation development and its dynamic evolution. The available water-soil content results from the water balance in the system, where the key issues are the soil, the vegetation and the atmosphere. However, it is the vegetation, which modulates, to a great extent, the water fluxes and the feedback mechanisms between soil and atmosphere. Thus, soil moisture content is most relevant for plant growth maintenance and final water balance assessment. A conceptual dynamic vegetation-soil model (called HORAS) for arid and semi-arid zones has been developed. This conceptual model, based on a series of connected tanks, represents in a way suitable for a Mediterranean climate, the vegetation response to soil moisture fluctuations and the actual leaf biomass influence on soil water availability and evapotranspiration. Two tanks were considered using at each of them the water balance and the appropriate dynamic equation for all considered fluxes. The first one corresponds to the interception process, whereas the second one models the evolution of moisture by the upper soil. The model parameters were based on soil and vegetation properties, but reduced their numbers. Simulations for dominant species, Quercus coccifera L., were carried out to calibrate and validate the model. Our results show that HORAS succeeded in representing the vegetation dynamics and, on the one hand, reflects how following a fire this monoculture stabilizes after 9 years. On the other hand, the model shows the adaptation of the vegetation to the variability of climatic and soil conditions, demonstrating that in the presence or shortage of water, the vegetation regulates its leaf biomass as well as its rate of transpiration in an attempt to minimize total water stress.

scholarly journals Regional Parameter Estimation of the SWAT Model: Methodology and Application to River Basins in the Peruvian Pacific Drainage

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3198
Author(s):  
Flavio Alexander Asurza-Véliz ◽  
Waldo Sven Lavado-Casimiro
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Parameters Estimation ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Hydrological Data ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Main Components

This study presents a methodology for the regional parameters estimation of the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, with the objective of estimating daily flow series in the Pacific drainage under the context of limited hydrological data availability. This methodology has been designed to obtain the model parameters from a limited number of basins (14) to finally regionalize them to basins without hydrological data based on physical-climatic characteristics. In addition, the bootstrapping method was selected to estimate the uncertainty associated with the parameters set selection in the regionalization process. In general, the regionalized parameters reduce the initial underestimation which is reflected in a better quantification of daily flows, and improve the low flows performance. Furthermore, the results show that the SWAT model correctly represents the water balance and seasonality of the hydrological cycle main components. However, the model does not correctly quantify the high flows rates during wet periods. These findings provide supporting information for studies of water balance and water management on the Peruvian Pacific drainage. The approach and methods developed can be replicated in any other region of Peru.

scholarly journals An updated water balance for the Grootfontein aquifer near Mahikeng

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1 January) ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Cobbing
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
North West ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
Natural Spring

The Grootfontein Aquifer, part of the important North West dolomite aquifers, supplies about 20% of Mahikeng’s domestic water needs. Over-abstraction caused the large natural spring draining the aquifer to disappear in 1981, and groundwater levels have since fallen nearly 30 m in the vicinity of the former spring. Analysis of water levels and a water balance using recent assessments of groundwater abstractions confirm past work describing the hydrogeological functioning of the aquifer, and suggest that current abstractions need to fall by between 19 and 36 ML/day (7 and 13 Mm3/a) to bring the aquifer back into longterm balance. Continued over-abstraction at Grootfontein implies increasing risk to Mahikeng’s water supply, and illuminates the larger challenge of ensuring groundwater use in the North West dolomites that is sustainable and in the public interest.

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