Colloidal Carbon as Revealed by the Electron Microscope
Abstract The electron microscope of today may be said to rest on the pioneer work of three outstanding physicists. J. J. Thompson, in 1897, discovered electrons under the name of negative corpuscles. De Broglie, about 1922, established the wave characteristics of electrons. In 1926 Busch established the electron lens. In 1935, E. F. Burton, following a visit to Germany, envisaged the enormous potentialities of the electron microscope and began a program at Toronto designed to eliminate the serious defects of early German instruments. In 1938, this program culminated in the construction of a new and superior instrument by two of his graduate students, A. Prebus and J. Hillier. The publication of their results early in 1939 aroused the immediate interest of the Columbian Carbon Company which later established a Fellowship at Toronto under Professor Burton's direction. In 1940, A. Prebus, assisted by W. A. Ladd, working in Toronto, secured for Columbian the first perfect pictures of Micronex, from which accurate data as to mean surface area and as to particle shape were obtained. Public release followed in June, 1940. Prebus is now Professor at Ohio State University and is pursuing the theoretical side. Hillier is at R. C. A., where instruments, of essentially Toronto design, are being developed commercially, and Ladd has joined the Columbian Carbon Research Laboratories, for the two-fold purpose of further improving the microscope and of applying it to the problems of natural and synthetic rubber reënforcement. This work of Professor Burton and his pupils is of importance under present critical conditions since the replacement of natural by synthetic rubber necessitates a new approach to the theory and practice of rubber reënforcement. With the aid of the electron microscope, it is now for the first time possible to evaluate the role played by surface area in carbon-rubber reënforcement.