scholarly journals Application of an Optimization Model for Assessing the Performance of Water Appropriation in Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Aljanabi ◽  
Larry W. Mays ◽  
Peter Fox
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Model ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Sharing Rule ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
The Stability ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Vital Element

The magnitude of water resources shortages in the Middle East represents an important factor in the stability of the region and it is a vital element in protecting sustained economic development in the region. This investigation addresses the ongoing challenge of water governance in Iraq by examining how profitability, at both the farm and basin levels, is affected by various water appropriation systems. Farmland irrigation in Iraq was evaluated using three water appropriation systems; upstream (UPR), downstream (DPR) and proportional (PSR) sharing rule. Their impacts on farm income under normal, dry, and drought water supply scenarios were evaluated using an irrigation water model coupled with a nonlinear programming (NLP) optimization model. As compared to UPR, PSR provided a 32% and 75% increase in total farm income for the Tigris River under dry and drought supply conditions, respectively. As compared to DPR, PSR provided a 47% and 83.5% increase in total farm income for the Euphrates River under dry and drought supply conditions, respectively.

scholarly journals Farmers empowerment level analysis in farming during the Covid-19 pandemic and its impact on farm income

2021 ◽  
Vol 883 (1) ◽  
pp. 012034
Author(s):  
I P N Damanik ◽  
M E Tahitu ◽  
M Turukay ◽  
F P Adam
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
The Government ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
The Stability ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Production Facilities

Abstract This study aims to analyze the level of farmer empowerment in carrying out farming activities as the main livelihood and its impact on farm income during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research was conducted online by distributing questionnaires in the form of google form in various affordable areas. There were 113 responses obtained by returning the google form on time. The three regions that sent the most responses were farmers in Ambon City, West Seram Regency, and Central Maluku Regency. After analyzing using qualitative descriptive analysis, the results showed that the level of farmer empowerment during the Covid-19 pandemic decreased, especially in terms of marketing of crop products for fruit and vegetable commodities, while for food commodities such as rice tended to be stable. This has an impact on farm productivity and income. The main factor causing a decrease in the level of farmer empowerment is the decreasing purchasing power of the community during the Covid pandemic19; Accessibility of farmers to markets is difficult, there are even times when farmers cannot go to the market due to large-scale social restrictions, the frequency of presence of collectors is reduced, access to plant production facilities is hampered unlike before the Covid pandemic19. This condition requires serious attention from the government so that farmers do not experience difficulties in marketing agricultural products and can maintain the stability of farm income. The solution at the farmer level is to form farmer groups so that the marketing of farm products and the fulfillment of plant production facilities can be done through farmer groups.

scholarly journals AGRICULTURAL REGIONALIZATION BASED ON FARM-INCOME CHANGES

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 365-384
Author(s):  
Masaki ANDO
Keyword(s):  
Farm Income ◽  
On Farm

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENDAPATAN DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA MASYARAKAT SEKITAR TAMAN NASIONAL BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN KABUPATEN PESISIR BARAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
M. Reza Fachrezy ◽  
Zainal Abidin ◽  
Adia Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
National Park ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Average Household Income ◽  
Average Education ◽  
On Farm

This study aims to determine the socio-economic characteristics of farmers, analyze the income structure, the factors that affect the income of farmers, and the level of household welfare of farmers who live around Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Pesisir Barat District. This research is a survey research involving 99 respondents who were randomly selected. Respondents were spread across four subdistricts, namely Bengkunat Belimbing, Ngambur, Pesisir Selatan, and Karya Penggawa Districts. The study was conducted from July to August 2018. The first objective was analyzed qualitatively, the second objective was analyzed using household income analysis, the third objective used multiple linear regression analysis, and the fourth objective was using Sajogyo's criteria (1997). The study suggested that the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers around TNBBS were spread from 15 to 64 years of age with an average age of 43.74 years. The average education level was elementary school, the number of majority of family sizes was from 4 to 6 people (67.68%), and the average land was 1.41 ha. The average household income of farmers is IDR 36,946,883.94 per year, which consists of on-farm income 63.68%, off-farm income 11.00%, and non-farm income 25.33%.. Factors that affect farmers' income are fertilizer costs and labor costs. The welfare of farmers around TNBBS is in quite prosperous category.Key words: characteristics, household income, welfare

scholarly journals Checklist of Aquatic Oligochaetes Species in Tigris–Euphrates River basin

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
Limnodrilus Hoffmeisteri ◽  
Frequent Species ◽  
Aquatic Oligochaetes ◽  
Stylaria Lacustris ◽  
Tubificid Worms

A total of 60 species of aquatic oligochaetes were identified in different sites within Tigris-Euphrates basin / Iraq, including River Tigris, River Euphrates, Southern marshes ( Al-Haweiza , Al-Hammar and Al-Chebaiesh ) , Shutt Al-Germa, and Shatt Al-Arab. In River Euphrates 39 species were identified, 40 species from River Tigris and 32 species from Shatt-Al-Arab and southern marshes.The identified species were classified as four species of Family Aeolosomatidae, 54 species of Naididae ( 31 Naidinae , 8 Pristininae and 15 Tubificid worms), one species of each of Lumbriculidae ( Lumbriculus variegates ) and Lumbricidae ( Eiseiella tetraedra). Among Aeolosomatidae , Aelosoma aquaternarium, A. Liedyi, A. variegatum and A. hemprichi, in which, A. variegatum was the most frequent species, found in Euphrates river. Naidinae community were represented by five species of genus Chaetogaster, two species of each of Paranais, Slavina, & Stylaria, four species of Allonais , and seven species of each of Dero and Nais, in addition to Stephensoniana trivandrana, Specaria josinae and Ophidonais serpentina. Nais variabilis was the most abundant and frequent species in River Tigris while Stylaria lacustris & Ophidonais serpentina are abundant in River Euphrates . Species of Pristininae were representative by four species of genus Pristina and three species of genus pristinella, among them Priatina longiseta is the most abundant species.Tubificid worms, Branchuira sowerbyi and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were the most frequent and abundant species in the surface sediments of Iraqi waters. Beside L. hoffmeisteri , other five species of Limnodrilus, two species of Potomothrix, and a single species of Tubifex tubifex , Embolocephalus velutinus, Aulodrilus piguetia, Psammoryctides moravicus and Rhyacodrilus coccineus were recorded.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Penyuluhan Pertanian Terhadap Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
Afrinawati Afrinawati ◽  
Mustafa Usman ◽  
Akhmad Baihaqi
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
On Farm

ABSTRAK  - Tujuan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian terhadap pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Objek penelitian ini adalah petani padi sawah yang tergabung dalam kelompok tani di Wilayah Kerja Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian (WK-BPP) Indrapuri. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini terbatas pada efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian terhadap pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Besarnya sampel penelitian 52 dengan metode analisis deskriptif dan efektivitas penyuluhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian pada usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar sebesar 94,8% dari sebelum adanya kegiatan penyuluhan sebesar 72,9%. Dimana artinya ada juga peningkatan pendapatan di tingkat petani dari sebelumnya hanya Rp.20.194.705 per Ha per MT telah mampu meningkat menjadi Rp.30.046.062 per Ha per MT.Kata Kunci :   Efektivitas, Penyuluhan,  Pendapata, Usahatani ABSTRACT - The purpose of this study is how the effectiveness of agricultural extension on farm income Indrapuri of paddy in the district of Aceh Besar district. This research was conducted in the district of Aceh Besar district Indrapuri. The object of this research is the paddy rice farmers who are members of farmers' groups in the Work Area of the Agricultural Extension Center (WK-BPP) Indrapuri. The scope of this study is limited to the effectiveness of agricultural extension services to farm income Indrapuri of paddy in the district of Aceh Besar district. The amount of sample 52 with descriptive analysis and the effectiveness of counseling. The results showed that the effectiveness of agricultural extension on paddy rice farming in the district of Aceh Besar district Indrapuri of 94.8% on the prior existence of extension activities by 72,9%. Which means there is also an increase in the income level of farmers from previously only Rp.20.194.705 per ha per MT has been able to increase to Rp.30.046.062 per ha per MT.Keywords: Effectiveness, Education, Income, Farming

scholarly journals Farmers’ Participation in Agritourism: Does It Affect the Bottom Line?

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunjeong Joo ◽  
Aditya R. Khanal ◽  
Ashok K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Well Being

Agritourism is an alternative source of farm income. We examine farmers’ participation in agritourism activities to assess the impact of participation on farm household income and return to assets using a large farm-level survey. The results reveal that older, educated, and female operators are more likely to participate in agritourism. However, government subsidies and the population of the county are negatively correlated with agritourism. Of the types of farm operations examined, small-scale farms that involved agritourism generated the greatest household incomes and returns to assets. For operators of small farms, agritourism can boost the economic well-being of farm households.

A Behavioural Explanation of Smallholder Entrepreneurship with Empirical Evidence from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fortunate Nosisa Zaca ◽  
Edilegnaw Wale ◽  
Unity Chipfupa
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Social Grant ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the impact of social grant dependence on on-farm entrepreneurial spirit of smallholders. A sample of 175 farmers was obtained from two communities in KwaZulu-Natal. The study employed Principal Components Analysis and Tobit regression. The entrepreneurial spirit indices were constructed from revealed preference-based questions. The study found a positive relationship between the social grant and on-farm entrepreneurial spirit. The positive impact on rural household farming activities implies that the prevailing low entrepreneurial levels among farmers are not the result of social grant dependence but lack of opportunity and other resource constraints. However, to remain effective, policy should ensure that the grant money benefits (directly/indirectly) the intended beneficiary and their households. The other factors found to be associated with on-farm entrepreneurship include age of the farmer, gender, psychological capital, access to training, access to education, access to land, inadequate farming assets, water insecurity, extension, off-farm income and group membership. The study also recommends the need for strategies that improve psychological capital and thus enhance positive on-farm entrepreneurial behaviour among smallholder farmers. Addressing institutional and farming constraints related to access to resources and services (land, credit, extension, and water) and collective action will positively contribute to on-farm entrepreneurship.

SMALLHOLDER FARMER’S LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION AS A RESPONSE TO CHANGED CLIMATIC PATTERNS IN CHONGWE DISTRICT, ZAMBIA.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Mbewe Jacqueline ◽  
Kabwe Harnadih Mubanga
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rainfall Patterns ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Purpose: Climate change affects local and global rainfall patterns and hence has a counter effect on smallholder agriculture. Impacts of climate change on agriculture are largely due to rainfall variability resulting in reduced yields due to crop-water stress and emergency of pathogens and diseases. In Zambia, climate change has been manifested through increased intensity of droughts and floods. These rainfall anomalies adversely affect agriculture and food systems. In order to survive the impacts of climate change and variability, smallholder farmers in Chongwe have adopted their livelihoods and farming systems to the new climatic patterns.Methodology: This study assessed how smallholder farmers in Chongwe District have adopted their livelihoods as a response to changed climatic conditions. It also investigated the perceptions of smallholder farmers as regards changes in aspects of their climatic conditions. Data collection involved a critical review of literature related to climate change and agriculture, observations, semi- structured interviews with 60 smallholder farmers and eight key informants. The data were analysed using multiple analysis techniques which included the descriptive statistics, One-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the post-hoc Least Square Difference for pairwise comparisons of incomes from different livelihoods engaged in by smallholder farmers .The gendered comparisons of livelihood engagement was done using the chi-square test of association.Findings: The results showed that all farmers perceived occurrence of changes in climatic conditions in the light of changed rainfall patterns in that there has been uncertainty in onset of rains, short rainy season, more intermittent rainfall and increased frequency of intra-seasonal droughts. These changes have led to farmers to adopt such farming techniques as potholing in preference to oxen and tractor ploughing when farming is done on smaller pieces of land. There was a significant difference in the mean annual incomes generated from on-farm livelihoods (ZMW 3677.59; n=58) and off-farm livelihoods (ZMW 6840.91; n = 58) (p= 0.001). Farmers generated the highest income returns by engaging in casual work (ZMW 10307.69; n = 13) compared to every other livelihoods common in the area such as gardening (p=0.002), petty trade (p=0.002) and on-farm livelihoods (p=0.001).Contribution to policy, theory and practice: It was therefore concluded that diversification of income through diversified livelihoods would help smallholder farmers enhance their resilience in the face of changed climatic conditions. On-farm livelihoods should not always be the main income source for farmers as results indicated that farmers engaged in casual work generated higher incomes than those who depended on farming. It was recommended that policy direction should be towards introduction of a gender responsive credit facility that can help improve women’s engagement in off-farm income generating livelihoods, as well as encourage climate change resilience.

Farm Income in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-44
Author(s):  
A. Narayanamoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Farm Income ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
Situation Assessment ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Different Parts

Owing to poor income from crop cultivation, increased indebtedness and widespread suicides of farmers have been reported in different parts of the country. This has forced the researchers and policymakers to study the issue of farm income in an in-depth manner, which has previously not received adequate attention till the early 2000s. Besides the issue of estimate, many myths on farm income have not been adequately addressed with reliable and temporal data. Chapter 2 attempts to unravel the myths surrounding the issue of farm income and its estimates using data from cost of cultivation survey and the Situation Assessment of Survey of farmers. By showing the pathetic levels of farm income, it also recounts the measures that are needed to increase the farm income at the end.

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