scholarly journals The Relationship between Maternal Employment Status and Pregnancy Outcomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farnoush Khojasteh ◽  
Azizollah Arbabisarjou ◽  
Tahere Boryri ◽  
Amneh Safarzadeh ◽  
Mohammad Pourkahkhaei
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Preterm Labor ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Placental Abruption ◽  
Employed Mothers ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
The Relationship

<p><strong>BACKGROUND &amp; OBJECTIVES: </strong>Women comprise a large percentage of the workforce in industrial countries. In Europe and many other places in the world, women of reproductive age comprise a significant proportion of the workforce at the workplaces, and the rules and regulations require employers to evaluate and minimize health risks to pregnant women. In U.K, 70%, and in the United States 59% of women are employed. In Iran, 13% of women are employed, which comes down to less than 5% at Sistan&amp; Baluchestan Province. Various studies have reported contradictory results about the effects of maternal employment tasks such as standing, repetitive bending, climbing stairs, and lifting heavy objects during pregnancy on fetal growth, preterm birth and other obstetric complications. Given the growing number of working women, and potential complications for mothers, the present study has conducted to investigate the relationship between maternal employment status and pregnancy outcomes in Zahedan city, Iran.</p><p><strong>MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: </strong>This cross-sectional study was based on survey conducted on 227 women (121 housewives, and 106 employed women) attending health centers in 2014. Using purposive convenient sampling method, eligible pregnant mothers (with no chronic diseases, singleton pregnancy, gravida 1-3, and no addiction) were selected as study subjects. Data were collected and recorded through a researcher-made questionnaire and also from mothers' medical records, including personal details, prenatal and labor complications, and infant's details. Collected data were fed into the SPSS version 21(IBM Corp, USA).</p><p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Frequency of placental abruption was greater among housewives (P=0.02), and a significant relationship was found between employment status and lifting heavy objects, which was more frequent among housewives (P=0.01). Lifting heavy objects during pregnancy was only significantly related to reduced amniotic fluid (P=0.001) and low birth weight (P=0.01). Frequency of preterm labor was higher among housewives compared to employed women, but not significantly. Type of delivery was significantly related to employment, and employed mothers had more cesarean deliveries (P=0.0001).</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> The results suggest more frequent lifting of heavy objects by housewives than by employed mothers, leading to increased complications such as reduced amniotic fluid, placental abruption, and low birth weight. Perhaps due to higher education levels, frequency of cesarean section and preterm labor was higher among employed mothers. However, employment alone does not predict pregnancy outcomes.</p>

scholarly journals Maternal Employment Status and Minimum Meal Frequency in Children 6-23 Months in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1137
Author(s):  
Lauren Manzione ◽  
Heidi Kriser ◽  
Emily Gamboa ◽  
Curtis Hanson ◽  
Generose Mulokozi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Financial Autonomy ◽  
Fiscal Autonomy ◽  
Prepared Food ◽  
The Relationship

As women in developing world settings gain access to formal work sectors, it is important to understand how such changes might influence child nutrition. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between maternal employment status and minimum meal frequency (MMF) among children in Tanzania. Interviews were conducted with 5000 mothers of children ages 0–23 months. The questionnaire used in these interviews was developed by adopting questions from Tanzania’s latest Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016) where possible and creating additional questions needed for programmatic baseline measurements. MMF was used as proxy for child nutrition. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify associations between employment status and parenting practices of Tanzanian mothers and MMF of their children. After adjusting for confounders, informal maternal employment [OR = 0.58], lack of financial autonomy [OR = 0.57] and bringing the child with them when working away from home [OR = 0.59] were negatively associated with meeting MMF. Payment in cash [OR = 1.89], carrying food for the child [OR = 1.34] and leaving food at home for the child [OR = 2.52] were positively associated with meeting MMF. Informal maternal employment was found to be negatively associated with meeting MMF among Tanzanian children. However, behaviors such as bringing or leaving prepared food, fiscal autonomy and payment in cash showed significant positive associations. These findings could help direct future programs to reduce child stunting.

scholarly journals Hubungan Umur Ibu dengan Kejadian Persalinan Prematur di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kaliangkrik Kabupaten Magelang Tahun 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Fatimah Sari ◽  
Evy Ernawati ◽  
Indartik Indartik
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Labor ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Background: One of the most common causes of death of neonates are low birth weight (LBW) either at term or preterm (premature). As a result of the premature births, children born will experience a variety of health problems due to lack of maturation of the fetus at birth which resulted in many organs of the body that have not been able to work perfectly. factors that can lead to preterm labor (preterm) or low birth weight infants is mother's first factor is less than 20 years of age or over 35 years . Method: This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal age with the incidence of preterm labor. Objective: This research is the type of observational analytic study with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique using saturated sample and the number of samples in this study were 75 respondents. Result: The results showed no association with maternal age on the incidence of preterm labor Puskesmas Kaliangkrik Magelang Regency in 2012 with a p value of 0.000 (0.000 < 0.05) and the relationship is strong enough that the value of the Contingency Coefficient .431. Conclusion: There is a relationship with the mother's age incidence of preterm labor.

The Distribution of Household Tasks

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
BETH ANNE SHELTON
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Classification Analysis ◽  
Household Tasks ◽  
Housework Time ◽  
Multiple Classification Analysis ◽  
Multiple Classification ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mean Time

This article examines the relationship between wives' employment status and their own and their husbands' time spent on specific household tasks. Using Multiple Classification Analysis, we compared the adjusted mean time that women and men spend in a variety of specific household tasks. The findings showed that gender roles are somewhat more egalitarian in households where women are employed than can be discerned from analyses of only total housework and child-care time. Employed women spend less time on female-typed tasks than full-time homemakers, while their time spent on male-typed or neutral tasks is generally not significantly different from that of full-time homemakers. The findings also showed that men's total housework time does not vary by wives' employment status and that wives' employment also seems to have little effect on their husbands' time spent on specific tasks.

scholarly journals Mothers’ Preferences for Their Children’s Format for Return to School During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: Are There Differences Between Full-Time Employed Mothers and Mothers Who are Not Employed?

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110444
Author(s):  
Christine A. Limbers ◽  
Christina L. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Return To School ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Employed Mothers ◽  
Maternal Preference ◽  
Modality Preference ◽  
Maternal Preferences

The present study assessed factors associated with maternal preferences for their children’s educational format (i.e., completely in-person, completely online/remote, or hybrid of in-person and online/remote) for return to school during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether these associations differed between full-time employed mothers and mothers who were not employed. Participants were 911 mothers of school-aged children from the United States (full-time employed, n = 650; not employed, n = 261). Recruitment took place online via social media during Summer 2020. Questionnaires on school modality preference, maternal work status, and demographic characteristics were filled out online through Qualtrics. Compared to mothers who were not employed, full-time employed mothers were more likely to endorse a preference for a hybrid in-person and online/remote educational format for their children and less likely to endorse a preference for a completely online/remote educational format for their children. The factor most strongly associated with maternal preferences for their children’s educational format for return to school in both groups of mothers was being worried about my child getting COVID-19 and their health being severely impacted (rs’s ranged from −56 to −58; p < .01). Regardless of maternal employment status, this factor continued to have the strongest association with a maternal preference for a completely online educational format in the polynomial regression analysis after controlling for relevant demographic variables (Odds Ratios ranged from 3.63 to 37.64; p < .01). These findings highlight that concerns about child health during the COVID-19 pandemic influence maternal preferences for their children’s educational format, regardless of maternal employment status.

Complementary Feeding Practice by Maternal Employment Status in Eastern Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Osman Ahmed ◽  
Behailu Hawulte ◽  
Temam Beshir Raru ◽  
Tahir Ahmed Hassen ◽  
KEDIR TEJI ROBA
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Employed Mothers

Abstract Background: Appropriate complementary feeding practice during the first two years of age prevents life cycle health problems that cannot be averted later in life. Appropriate complementary feeding practices are associated with various factors and the practice may vary between populations. This study aimed to investigate the complementary feeding practice among mothers with children aged 6-23 months by maternal employment status in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Gemachis district from 10 July to August 2020, eastern Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample a total of 674 mothers. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and analyzed using STATA version 14.2. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with appropriate complementary feeding practice with 95 % CI or a P-value of less than 0.05.Results: Over all only 9.9% of all mothers were practicing appropriate complementary feeding, with 5.9% among employed and 11.9% unemployed mothers. After controlling for confounders, traveling to the workplace less than two hours (AOR= 5.9; 95% CI: 1.30, 16.14), giving birth at home (AOR= 0.08; 95% CI:0.01, 0.72, and having at least one ANC visit (AOR=6.5; 95% CI: 1.40, 25.7) were significantly associated with appropriate Complementary feeding practice among employed mothers while having children aged 9−23 months (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3, 8.5), spending 17−24 hours on child care (AOR = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.6, 14.12], working 1-8 hours per day (AOR =0.17; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.63], and having at least one ANC visit (AOR = 7.6; 95% CI: 3.6, 14.01] were significantly associated with appropriate complementary feeding practice among unemployed mothers. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of appropriate complementary feeding practice was very low in this study area. There is a need to strengthen maternal health service utilization such as ANC and institutional delivery to improve complementary feeding practices. Further, considering adequate maternity leave and designing a subsidized alternative child care center is essential to improve the complementary feeding practice for employed mothers.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between The Level of Maternal Knowledge, Maternal Employment Status and Family Support With Exclusive Breastfeeding in The Working Area of The Air Dingin Health Center of Padang City in 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Dian Hidayah Putri ◽  
Masrul Masrul ◽  
Lisma Evareny
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Infant Morbidity ◽  
The Relationship

In order to reduce infant morbidity and mortality, UNICEFand WHO recommend exclusive breastfeeding for six monthsbecause ASI has many health benefits for babies and containsall the nutrients needed by baby. The lowest coverage ofexclusive breastfeeding in Padang City is in the working areaof Puskesmas Air Dingin. The purpose of this study was todetermine the relationship between the level of maternalknowledge, maternal employment status and family supportwith exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of the AirDingin Health Center. Analytic research withdesign was cross sectionalconductedin the working area of Air Dingin Health Center from June2018 to July 2018. The sample in this study were mothers whohad infants aged> 6-12 months as many as 56 people. Mothersas respondents were interviewed directly using a questionnaire.Data analysis was univariate and bivariate usinganalysis chisquare(p5 0.05).The results showed that the percentage of exclusivebreastfeeding was 51.8%. Theanalysis results chi-squareshowed that the p value between exclusive breastfeeding andthe level of maternal knowledge (p = 0.010), maternalemployment status (p = 1,000), and family support (p = 0.021). There was a significant relationship between the level ofmother's knowledge and family support with exclusivebreastfeeding, while the mother's employment status did nothave a significant relationship with exclusive breastfeeding. Itis hoped that mothers can maintain and improve exclusivebreastfeeding.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN STATUS PEKERJAAN DENGAN PERILAKU IBU DALAM PEMENUHAN GIZI BERDASARKAN KEBIASAAN SARAPAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Lulut Subekti ◽  
Sugeng Mashudi ◽  
Metti Verawati
Keyword(s):  
School Environment ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Contingency Coefficient ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

AbstactImproving the quality of human resources (HR) in health and nutrition factors depends on the mother's work, this results in the habits of children requesting extra money for unhealthy breakfasts outside and nutritional disorders in children who experience the process of growth and achievement of children. This study aims to analyze the relationship of employment status to the mother's behavior in the fulfillment of nutrition based on breakfast habits. The design of this research is Correlation with cross sectional approach. Population in this research is all children of class of 2-6 in SDN Mrican 1, District of Jenangan, Regency of Ponorogo with big sample 44 respondents. Sampling of the study using total sampling, data collection using questionnaire and calculation using Chi-Square Test test using SPSS 16.0 error α 0.05. The result of the research on the variables of maternal employment status was interpreted by 28 respondents (63.6%) and 16 respondents (36.4%) did not work. Maternal Behavior variable in nutrient fulfillment interpreted 24 respondents (54.5%) behaved positively and 20 respondents (45.5%) behaved negatively. Chi-Square statistical test obtained p value = 0.001 which means smaller than α = 0.05 Thus it can be said that there is a relationship On the relationship with the relationship niali Contingency Coefficient = 0.447 enough category. Research analysis there is close enough relationship between job status with mother's behavior in nutrition fulfillment based on breakfast habit at SDN Mrican 1, Sub Jenangan, Regency of Ponorogo. Maternal negative behavior in the fulfillment of nutrition that will affect the growth and development of children, the researchers advise on the place of research, especially the school environment put a picture or leaflet about the importance of breakfast for children and breakfast foods. Keywords: work status, behavior, mother, breakfast AbstrakPeningkatkan Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) dalam faktor kesehatan dan gizi tergantung pada pekerjaan ibu, hal ini berakibat pada kebiasaan anak meminta tambahan uang untuk sarapan yang tidak sehat diluar dan gangguan nutrisi pada anak yang mengalami proses tumbuh kembang dan prestasi anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan status pekerjaan dengan perilaku ibu dalam pemenuhan gizi berdasarkan kebiasaan sarapan.Desain penelitian ini adalah Korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh anak kelas 2-6 di SDN Mrican 1, Kecamatan Jenangan, Kabupaten Ponorogo dengan besar sampel 44 responden. Sampling penelitian menggunakan Total sampling, pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan perhitungan menggunakan uji Uji Chi-Square menggunakan SPSS 16.0 kesalahan α 0,05.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Status pekerjaan ibu diinterpretasikan 28 responden (63,6%) bekerja dan 16 responden (36,4%) tidak bekerja. Variabel Perilaku ibu dalam pemenuhan gizi diinterpretasikan 24 responden (54.5%) berperilaku positif dan 20 responden (45,5%) berperilaku negatif. uji statistik Chi-Square diperoleh nilai Contingency Coefficient =0,447, dan p value = 0,001 yang berarti lebih kecil dari α= 0,05 berarti ada hubungan cukup antara status pekerjaan dengan perilaku ibu dalam pemenuhan gizi berdasarkan kebiasaan sarapan.Perilaku negatif ibu dalam pemenuhan gizi sehingga akan mempengaruhi tumbuh kembang anak, maka peneliti menyarankan pada tempat penelitian terutama lingkungan sekolah memasang gambar atau leaflet tentang pentingnya sarapa n pagi bagi anak dan jenis makanan sarapan pagi.Kata kunci: status pekerjaan, perilaku, ibu, sarapan.

scholarly journals A Local Experience of Pregnancy Outcomes in Sickle Cell Disease and Red Cell Exchange

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 4920-4920
Author(s):  
Rose Turner ◽  
Claire Dowsing ◽  
Gemma Crighton ◽  
Kylie D. Mason ◽  
Jeffrey Szer
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Placental Abruption ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Royal Melbourne Hospital ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

Abstract Aim Pregnancy outcomes in women with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) have traditionally been poor with rates of both maternal and fetal complications greater than that seen in non-SCD populations (Oteng-Ntim et al, 2015). This association has been demonstrated across both low- and high-income countries with no significant correlation to discrepancies in health care (Boafor et al, 2015). Complications associated with pregnancy in SCD include preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight, fetal distress in labour, Cesarean section, eclampsia, sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis, infection, postpartum hemorrhage, and perinatal and maternal death. The introduction of prophylactic Red Cell Exchange (RCE) for high-risk SCD patients has seen a significant reduction in SCD-associated morbidity and mortality (Josephson et al, 2007). Limited studies have examined whether prophylactic RCE also translates to improved pregnancy outcomes in the SCD population with mixed conclusions (Asma et al, 2015). Whilst the association between SCD and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been well characterised in large multi-centre retrospective studies internationally, local data of pregnancy outcomes in SCD, particularly in patients receiving regular RCE, is lacking. Method We conducted a retrospective review of pregnancies within the SCD population managed at the Royal Melbourne Hospital between 2001 (date of commencement of regular RCE program) and 2018 to identify pregnancy complications and outcomes. Medical records across two sites (the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Royal Women's Hospital) were reviewed to identify patient demographics, RCE received, mode and date of delivery, birth weight, fetal and maternal complications, and outcome of pregnancy. Results We identified 10 pregnancies amongst 5 patients with SCD managed during this time. Three patients had HbSS and two HbSC disease. Mean maternal age at time of pregnancy was 27 years. Two patients were receiving regular RCE prior to pregnancy and continued throughout at 3 to 4 week intervals, with a further patient commenced on RCE at 27/40 as per local hospital practice. Of the 3 women receiving regular RCE during pregnancy, all had live births (n=7); 1 via normal vaginal delivery (NVD) and 6 elective Cesarean-section due to cephalopelvic disproportion. Six of these pregnancies were at term, with one induced at 32/40 due to line sepsis as a complication of RCE. Two pregnancies were also complicated by gestational diabetes. Two patients were not managed with regular RCE. The first declined treatment throughout both pregnancies, with pregnancy 1 complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) with delivery via NVD at 37/40, and pregnancy 2 complicated by placental abruption and fetal death in utero (FDIU) at 22/40. Both pregnancies were also complicated by gestational thrombocytopenia. The second patient was on hydroxyurea (HU) at time of conception, initially continued during pregnancy in the setting of normal morphology scans and a rare blood phenotype prohibitive of RCE. HU was subsequently ceased at 27/40 due to the development of IUGR. She was commenced on RCE at 30/40 but suffered placental abruption and FDIU at 34/40. No offspring had a haemoglobinopathy of clinical significance. Conclusion RCE was well-tolerated and associated with good and possibly improved maternal and fetal outcomes in this small cohort of sickle cell patients. Larger studies are required to further characterise the benefit of prophylactic RCE during pregnancy in the SCD population. Disclosures Szer: Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel Support , Research Funding.

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