PROCESSED FOOD TRADE OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES – THE GRAVITY APPROAC

2021 ◽  
Vol XXIII (2) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Sapa ◽  
Łukasz Kryszak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Linder Hypothesis ◽  
The Impact

A significant feature of world trade development is the diminishing role of developed countries in the international agri-food market. The share of the European Union in processed food export has been reducing steadily from 2000, giving place to developing countries at the same time. Considering studies devoted to the factors influencing bilateral trade, the question to what extent the trade of processed food depends on consumer preferences represented by absolute differences of GDP per capita (Linder hypothesis), geography, and trade liberalization remains open. It is interesting in the context of the new demand-oriented trade theory and the globalization process that causes a shrinking distance. The main purpose of the paper is to indicate the impact of consumer preferences and geography on the export value of processed food of EU countries in 2000-2019. To achieve this goal, the gravity model was constructed and estimated via Hausman-Taylor panel regression. The dependent variable was the bilateral export value of processed food of EU countries. The independent variables included GDP, geographical distance between partners, differences of GDP per capita of exporters and importers as a proxy of the Linder hypothesis, membership in a preferential trade agreement, and being landlocked. Research confirmed the validity of the Linder hypothesis and the significance of geography and regional trade integration in shaping the export value of processed food of EU countries.

scholarly journals THE CONTRIBUTION OF MIGRATION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF ZAGREB

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinko Miličević ◽  
Danijel Knežević ◽  
Zoran Bubaš
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The problems in this paper belong to the field of migration and economy. The connection between migration and the economy has been proven on a global level, and as far as the Republic of Croatia is concerned, it is especially important to observe it through the City of Zagreb, which is the most important migration and economic center in the Republic of Croatia. Also, the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union emphasized the observation and research of this connection because it created the preconditions for freer movement and employment of the population of the Republic of Croatia and the City of Zagreb within the European Union. The aim of this paper is to determine the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The hypothesis presented in the paper is that there is a significant contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The disposition of the paper consists of six parts. The introduction explains the relevance of the topic, states the aim of the paper and hypotheses, explains the empirical part, the contribution of the paper and the disposition. The second part of the paper refers to the theoretical framework of the impact of migration on economic growth. The third part of the paper presents the migration processes of the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2018. The fourth part deals with economic activity in the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2017. The observed indicators of economic activity in the City of Zagreb are GDP and GDP per capita, and the graph in this part of the paper shows that GDP and GDP per capita in the observed period are higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. The fifth part of the paper refers to the empirical research of the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The empirical part of the paper is based on correlations and regression analyses. This paper proves the hypothesis because the results indicate a significant impact of the variables of total and external migration on the GDP of the City of Zagreb and GDP per capita of the City of Zagreb. Decision-makers in the City of Zagreb can use the results of the research as a basis for maximizing the economic benefits they can get from migration. The conclusion provides an overview of the aim of the work, the results of the research, the limitations, the implications and the recommendations for future research.

The effects of the economic crisis on income convergence in the European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Stanišić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Per Capita

This paper evaluates income convergence in the European Union, between “old” (EU15) and “new” member states from Central and East Europe (CEE10), and among the countries within these two groups. The GDP per capita convergence should be expected according to the exogenous economic growth model and neoclassical trade theory. The presence of σ-convergence and both absolute and conditional β-convergence is tested for on a sample of 25 European Union countries (EU25). Results confirm the existence of β-convergence of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity among EU25, but not among EU15 and CEE10 countries. σ-convergence has been confirmed among EU25 and CEE10 countries, while GDP per capita has been diverging in the EU15 group of countries. Moreover, the results reveal that recent economic crisis has reversed long-term tendencies and led to income convergence within EU15 and divergence within CEE10. During the crisis, the income differences among the EU25 countries have increased, but the scope and duration of this effect has been limited and has not affected the long term convergence path. However, the obtained long term speed of convergence is significantly lower compared with the previous researches.

scholarly journals Influence of the level of development of the digital environment on the trend of gross domestic product in the countries of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Zaytsev Andrey ◽  
Konikov Evgeniy ◽  
Busheneva Yulia ◽  
Doleva Zarema
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Digital Products ◽  
Digital Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The paper characterizes the specifics of the impact of digitalization processes on such an indicator as GDP per capita: case study of the European Union countries. The literature dedicated to the matters of the relationship between digitalization and economic growth is reviewed. Based on the statistical data, a regression model is built to determine the dependencies between the GDP of European Union member countries and the economic digitalization indicators. An equation formed in the research can be used to demonstrate the dependence between GDP per capita and the accessibility of information and communications technology and its usage by organizations, households, and private persons in the territory of the European Union. According to the result obtained, the following possible options were formulated for the development of the European Union economies concerning digitalization: stimulating the introduction of information and communications technology in enterprises (including tax incentives for the firms involved in entrepreneurial digital development, as well as growing investments in the existing assets), households (increasing trust of the population in digital products; increasing human capital, which is highly demanded by the digital economy; prospects of the electronic postal trade system); focus on the export of high-tech products.

scholarly journals The impact of high fee-low-subsidy and low fee-high-subsidy higher education funding models on higher education access in European Union countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Nadežda Kučaidze ◽  
Artūras Jurgelevičius
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Education Funding ◽  
Higher Education Funding ◽  
Tuition Fees ◽  
Funding Model ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Higher education funding is relevant topic and widely analysed by scientist all other the world. Nowadays there is very big difference between higher education funding models across European Union countries – students have to pay very high fees for their studies in one countries, while in other countries – students have no obligations to pay for their studies at all, or have to pay very low tuition fees. All EU member states declare importance of HE for the future of economic, individual and society wellbeing. With respect to cost-sharing principle in higher education funding, higher education funding models can be divided into four models: Low-fee-High-subsidy; Low-fees-Low-subsidy; High-fees-High-subsidy and High-fee-Low subsidy. Aim and tasks. The aim of this article is to perform comparative analysis of two extremely different higher education funding models, which are applied in European Union states – Low-fee-High-subsidy higher education funding model (LFHS model) and High-fee-Low-subsidy higher education funding model (HFLS model). Results. The results of scientific research shows, that LFHS and HFLS models, which were analysed, have a different impact on access to higher education (i.e. gross enrolment rate (GER), GER male, GER female and HE graduation rate (HEGR) in EU countries. Conclusions. Tuition fees (max., min., net, normative) have a statistically significant, but not only positive or negative impact on enrolment to HE and graduation of HE, as well as for women and men enrolment to HE (GER male, GER female) – it depends on funding model EU state applies. Max. need-based grants have positive impact only in LFHS model case as well as min. need-based grants. In addition, the results of research show, that there is gender inequality – women enrolment to HE exceed men enrolment at most in HFLS model. Men are more likely to study in countries with higher need-based grants (for instance, in LFHS model countries). Counties with higher GDP per capita are more likely to apply LFHS model, than countries with lower GDP  per capita.

scholarly journals On the use of panel stationarity tests in convergence analysis: empirical evidence for the EU countries

Equilibrium ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Próchniak ◽  
Bartosz Witkowski
Keyword(s):  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Stochastic Convergence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panel Stationarity ◽  
The Eu

The study examines the concept of stochastic convergence in the EU28 countries over the 1994–2013 period. The convergence of individual countries’ GDP per capita towards the EU28 average per capita income level and the pair-wise convergence between the GDP of individual countries are both analyzed. Additionally, we introduce our own concept of conditional stochastic convergence which is based on adjusted GDP per capita series in order to account for the impact of other growth factors on GDP. The analysis is based on time series techniques. To assess stationarity, ADF tests are used. The study shows that the process of stochastic convergence in the EU countries is not as widespread as the cross-sectional studies on b or s convergence indicate. Even if we extend the analysis to examine conditional stochastic convergence, the number of converging economies or pairs of countries rises, but not as much as it could be expected from the cross-sectional studies.

scholarly journals Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) effect on GDP in EU countries: Labor force perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayanat Ahmadov
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Marginal Effects ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the impact of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) workforce on GDP in EU countries as a proxy for what could happen in Azerbaijan. We first estimate the effect of STEM labor force, which is measured by number of workers in STEM occupations, on GDP in 28 EU countries for 1992-2015. We use STEM labor force as the basis for innovation and productivity in a country as opposed to educational attainment used mostly for developed countries. Then, we use the estimated marginal effects to quantify the potential contribution of STEM labor force on GDP per capita in Azerbaijan. It was found that adding 44,000 STEM jobs (28% increase) in STEM labor force in Azerbaijan, is predicted to cause $1944 increase in GDP per employee which corresponds to $1102 in GDP per capita approximately.

scholarly journals The Impact of Oil Price Shocks on National Income: Evidence from Azerbaijan

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1695
Author(s):  
Shahriyar Mukhtarov ◽  
Sugra Humbatova ◽  
Mubariz Mammadli ◽  
Natig Gadim‒Oglu Hajiyev
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Oil Price Shocks ◽  
Price Shocks ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the influence of oil price shocks on GDP per capita, exchange rate, and total trade turnover in Azerbaijan using the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) method to data collected from 1992 to 2019. The estimation results of the SVAR method conclude that oil price shocks (rise in oil prices) affect GDP per capita and total trade turnover positively, whereas its influence on the exchange rate is negative in the case of Azerbaijan. According to results of this study, Azerbaijan and similar oil-exporting countries should reduce the dependence of GDP per capita, the exchange rate, and total trade turnover from oil resources and its prices in the global market. Therefore, these countries should attempt to the diversification of GDP per capita, the exchange rate, and other sources of total trade turnover.

scholarly journals Non-Price Criteria for the Evaluation of the Tender Offers in Public Procurement of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Alexander Baranovsky ◽  
Nataliia Tkachenko ◽  
Vladimer Glonti ◽  
Valentyna Levchenko ◽  
Kateryna Bogatyrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Tender Offers ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

Traditionally, public procurement has been associated with the measurement of achieving savings. However, recent research shows that the economic impact of public procurement is not limited only to savings, but by measuring the impact of four capitals—natural, human, social, and economic—on sustainable well-being over time. Ukraine is a country with a very low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which exacerbates the problem of the impact of public procurement results on the population’s welfare. Ukrainian public procurement legislation allows customers to apply non-price criteria (the share of non-price criteria cannot be more than 70%), which, together, are taken into account in the formula of the quoted price. The studies show that the effect of the use of non-price criteria depends on the relevance of the method of the evaluation of non-price criteria. The most important non-price criteria for Ukrainian customers by product categories and the methods of their evaluation are analyzed according to the Bi.prozorro.org analytics module. Therefore, it is concluded that the quoted price method, which is used in Ukrainian practice, is not relevant in comparison with the method used in the EU. A survey of the government buyers on the practice of applying non-price criteria was conducted, and the areas of their use were identified.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Dependence of GHG Emissions on the Support and Taxes in the EU Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7650
Author(s):  
Astrida Miceikienė ◽  
Kristina Gesevičienė ◽  
Daiva Rimkuvienė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Support ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

The reduction of GHG emissions is one of the priorities of the EU countries. The majority of studies show that financial support and environmental taxes are one of the most effective measures for the mitigation of the negative consequences of climate change. The EU countries employ different environmental support measures and environmental taxes to reduce GHG emissions. There is a shortage of new studies on these measures. The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of the environmental support measures of the EU countries with the effectiveness of environmental taxes in relation to the reduction of GHG emissions. This study is characterized by the broad scope of its data analysis and its systematic approach to the EU’s environmental policy measures. An empirical study was performed for the EU countries with the aim of addressing this research problem and substantiating theoretical insights. A total of 27 EU member states from 2009 to 2018 were selected as research samples. The research is based on a cause-and-effect relationship, where the factors affecting environmental pollution (environmental taxes and subsidies) are the cause, and GHG emissions are the effect. Statistical research methods were used in the empirical study: descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), simple regression and cluster analysis. The results show that the older member countries of the EU, which had directed the financial measures of environmental policy towards a reduction in energy consumption, managed to achieve a greater reduction in GHG emissions compared to the countries which had not applied those measures. The Central and Eastern European countries are characterized by lower environmental taxes and lower expenditure allocated to environmental protection. The countries with a higher GDP per capita have greater GHG emissions that the countries with lower GDP per capita. This is associated with greater consumption, waste, and energy consumption. The study conducted gives rise to a discussion regarding data sufficiency in the assessment and forecasting of GHG emissions and their environmental consequences.

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