Implementing the Reformation of the Senses in Practice

2018 ◽  
pp. 133-168
Author(s):  
Jacob M. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Political Economic

Through analysis of church ordinances, ecclesiastical visitation reports, and church inventories, this chapter turns to assess the degree to which the early Lutheran church actually implemented the changes its proponents had envisioned in the early 1520s. It demonstrates that, in contrast to the hypercoherent rhetoric of the Reformation’s early years, the process of transforming the sensuous appeal of worship was highly inconsistent. To be sure, the impetus to “de-sensualize” religion was still very much present in the minds and in the rhetoric of leading reformers, but many of traditions of local governance over worship, established in the later Middle Ages alongside locally intervening political economic concerns, meant that implementing the reformation of the senses in practice was a highly variegated affair. Significant continuities with the late Middle Ages endured, although some important changes were apparent as well.

scholarly journals Universal Basic Income: The Political Economic Aspect

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-79
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Lower State ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Size Of Government ◽  
Municipal Governments ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
State Interference

The idea of universal basic income first emerged in the Late Middle Ages. In the second half of the 20th century, it began to be actively discussed as a political al become very popular. In a number of countries, such as Canada, Finland and the Netherlands, local experiments involving basic income have been taking place. This article addresses the main arguments for and against basic income. Some authors regard basic income as a populist and paternalist policy, which is an incorrect judgment, as its adequate implementation could lead to budgetary savings, reduce the size of government, and lower state interference in the lives of citizens. Another objection is that basic income would discourage labor and stimulate social dependency; however, local experiments in partial introduction of basic income and similar benefits have not confirmed this statement. The claim that basic income is too expensive of a measure does not consider that it is supposed to replace numerous other social benefits and would therefore most likely result in reduced administrative costs. Basic income is a social welfare measure most compatible with the nature of labor and the labor market under the technological revolution that has begun, where labor has been getting increasingly distributed and aimed at the workers’ self-realization rather than their survival. In practice, basic income is to be implemented gradually, only covering selected groups of individuals at first and expanding the range of recipients over time. In basic income administration, a certain role can be played by municipal governments.

Comparative Politics of Exclusion in Europe and the Americas: Religious, Sectarian, and Racial Boundary Making since the Reformation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şener Aktürk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Elective Affinity ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Boundary Making ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Pope Innocent Iii

Based on a critical reading of three recent books, I argue that the exclusion of Jews and Muslims, the two major non-Christian religious groups in Europe and the Americas, has continued on the basis of ethnic, racial, ideological, and quasi-rational justifications, instead of or in addition to religious justifications, since the Reformation. Furthermore, I argue that the institutionally orchestrated collective stigmatization and persecution of Jews and Muslims predated the Reformation, going back to the Fourth Lateran Council under Pope Innocent III in 1215. The notion of Corpus Christianum and Observant movements in the late Middle Ages, the elective affinity of liberalism and racism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the divergence in religious norms at present are critically evaluated as potential causes of ethnoreligious exclusion.

„Im Namen Gottes des Allmächtigen!“

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Winzeler
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract„In the Name of God the Almighty!“, Swiss constitutional law on religions - balancing and apeacing in historic tradition. From the 16th century onwards, the Reformation and its consequences have influenced the development of the Swiss Confederation. During the late Middle Ages, the Confederation had been struggling to find its way as a system of treaties within a growing number of Cantons. The Reformation divided the Cantons in two ‚camps‘, both trying to defeat each other on the battlefield, which resulted in four successive Peace Treaties (‚Landfriedensbünde‘). 1847 there was a last civil war between the conservative or catholic ‚camp‘ and the liberal or protestant majority. From 1848 until 1973, the Federal Constitution contained discriminations against catholics, including a probihition of the Jesuits. In 2009, under changed circumstances, a new religious discrimination was introduced into the Constitution: the ban on minarets. Islam is now making a way through Swiss history comparable to that of Catholicism in the 19th century. Yet the law of the Cantons, developed over the centuries, provides for adequate instruments to cope with the challenges of the 21st century.

Observant Reform in the Late Middle Ages

2020 ◽  
pp. 299-313
Author(s):  
Kathryne Beebe
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Essential Questions ◽  
Scant Attention

Observant reform is central to the religious, social, cultural, economic, and political changes fundamental to late medieval Europe. However, modern scholars have traditionally devoted scant attention to it, focusing instead on pre-1300 religious movements or the changes of the Reformation. Yet in the past two decades, more work focusing on the ‘Observance Movement’ has begun to remedy that neglect. This chapter highlights the essential questions and issues that drive recent studies, such as property, the involvement of women and the laity, and resistance to reform. It evaluates the current challenges presented by the conceptualization of an emerging field and argues that while greater collaboration between scholars and the production of basic overviews are needed, we should also strive to understand those who professed or embodied Observant ideals not just from the viewpoint of our own labels and concepts, but also to understand them in their own terms.

The Bible in the Fourteenth Century: Some Observations

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Courtenay
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Late Medieval Period ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Biblical Commentaries ◽  
English Group

One of the most pressing needs in the field of medieval biblical studies is for an adequate historical overview of developments in the late Middle Ages. One of the pioneers, the late Beryl Smalley, never fully achieved the intended sequel to her magisterial Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages, although her English Friars and Antiquity was an excellent beginning, particularly for the early fourteenth-century English group. Other surveys end with Nicholas of Lyra, skip from the thirteenth century to the Reformation, or give only the most cursory attention to the late medieval period.2 And yet the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were rich in biblical commentaries, and scholars, have long considered a more precise understanding of developments in that period to be essential for an adequate appreciation of the character and significance of biblical commentaries in the early sixteenth century.

scholarly journals The Reformation as a Process of Transformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Volker Leppin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Sociological Perspective ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Reformation

The Reformation is described mostly as an upheaval. In fact, it is worth considering this period as transformation. The article is an attempt to modify the usual perception of this historical period. At the very beginning the paper discusses the idea of transformation from a sociological perspective. Then it introduces a comparison of the Reformation with other transitions and the late Middle Ages. This allows at the end to define the Reformation as a kind of consequence of medieval times and their transformation.

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