scholarly journals Effects of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae hydrolysate on nutrient ileal digestibility in growing pigs compared to those of defatted mealworm larvae meal, fermented poultry by-product, and hydrolyzed fish soluble

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Hoon Cho ◽  
Sun Woo Kang ◽  
Jong Sang Yoo ◽  
Dae Kil Song ◽  
Yi Hyung Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Mealworm Larvae ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor Larvae

Objective: To investigate effect of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae hydrolysate on nutrient ileal digestibility compared to those of dried mealworm larvae meal, fermented poultry by-product, and hydrolyzed fish soluble in growing pigs.Methods: A total of 12 crossbred ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc) growing pigs with average body weight of 28.70±0.32 kg were surgically equipped with simple T-cannulas. A total of 12 pigs were assigned to individual metabolic crates and allotted to one of four treatments with 3 replicates in a fully randomized design.Results: Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM) was the highest in pigs fed HML diet. AIDs of crude protein (CP) were higher in pigs fed HML and DMLM diets than those in pigs fed the other two diets. AID of total amino acid was higher (p = 0.06) in pigs fed HML diet. AIDs of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr) were similar in pigs fed DMLM and HML diets, but were higher (p = 0.05, p<0.05, and p = 0.05, respectively) than those in pigs fed FPBM or HFS diet. Pigs fed HML diet had higher standardized ileal digestibilities (SIDs) of DM and CP (p<0.05 and p<0.05, respectively) compared to pigs fed the other FPBM and HFS diets. SIDs of total amino acid were not different (p = 0.06) between treatments. For SIDs of Lys, Met, and Thr, pigs fed HML and DMLM diets showed higher SIDs (p = 0.05, p<0.05, and p<0.05, respectively) than pigs fed FPBM and HFS diets. SIDs of non-essential amino acids (aspartic acid, glycine, and alanine) were higher (p<0.05, p< 0.05, and p<0.05, respectively) in pigs fed HML, FPBM, and DMLM diets than those in pigs fed the HFS diet. AID and SID of glutamic acid were higher in pigs fed HML and FPBM diets.Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary supplementation of mealworm larvae hydrolysate had higher digestibility in DM, CP, Lys, Met, and Thr compared to dietary supplementation with fermented poultry by-product and hydrolyzed fish soluble.

scholarly journals Addition of Olive Pomace to Feeding Substrate Affects Growth Performance and Nutritional Value of Mealworm (Tenebrio Molitor L.) Larvae

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Ruschioni ◽  
Nino Loreto ◽  
Roberta Foligni ◽  
Cinzia Mannozzi ◽  
Nadia Raffaelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Olive Pomace ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Feeding Substrate ◽  
Rate Development ◽  
Mealworm Larvae ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor Larvae

The well-recognized efficiency of Tenebrio molitor larvae to convert low quality organic matter into a nutritionally valuable biomass was exploited to manage solid wastes coming from the olive oil industry, which represent a severe environmental challenge in the Mediterranean area. Three organic pomace-enriched substrates (mixtures middlings/pomace 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) were assessed, together with 100% organic wheat flour and 100% organic middlings as control feeds. A feeding substrate made up of 25% olive pomace and 75% wheat middlings appeared to be the best compromise between growth performance (larval and pupal weights, survival rate, development time) and nutritional properties of mealworm larvae. In fact, larvae fed the 3:1 feed showed the highest dry matter (DM) yield (38.05%), protein content (47.58% DM), and essential/non-essential amino acids ratio (1.16). Fat content (32.14% DM) and fatty acid composition were not significantly different than those of larvae fed more pomace-enriched feeds.

scholarly journals Digestible indispensable amino acid score and digestible amino acids in eight cereal grains

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 1663-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Cervantes-Pahm ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
Hans H. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Digestible Amino Acids

To determine values for the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS), it is recommended that ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility values obtained in growing pigs are used to characterise protein quality in different foods. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in eight cereal grains (yellow dent maize, Nutridense maize, dehulled barley, dehulled oats, polished white rice, rye, sorghum and wheat) fed to pigs, where SID values in pigs can be used to calculate approximate DIAAS values in humans. In the present experiment, twenty-four barrows with a T-cannula inserted in the distal ileum were allotted to eight diets and fed for three periods to give a total of nine replicate pigs per diet. Each period lasted 14 d, and ileal digesta samples were collected on days 13 and 14. Among the SID values obtained for all cereal grains, values for total indispensable AA were greatest (P< 0·05) in rice and lowest (P< 0·05) in rye and sorghum. The concentrations of SID indispensable AA in rice were less (P< 0·05) than in dehulled oats, but greater (P< 0·05) than in the other cereal grains, and the concentrations of SID indispensable AA in Nutridense maize were greater (P< 0·05) than in yellow dent maize and sorghum, but less (P< 0·05) than in the other cereal grains, except rye. In conclusion, results indicate that to meet dietary requirements for AA in humans, diets based on yellow dent maize or sorghum require more AA supplementation than diets based on other cereal grains.

scholarly journals The effect of heat on amino acids for growing pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Van Barneveld ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
B. W. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Heat Application

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effect of heating field peas (Pisum sativum cultivar Dundale) on (1) proximate analysis and total amino acid composition, (2) ileal and faecal digestibilities of amino acids, and (3) digestible energy content. Alternative techniques for assessing ileal and faecal digestibilities and digestible energy respectively, were also investigated. Forced-air dehydrators were used to heat field peas at temperatures of 110°, 135°, 150° or 165°. In the first experiment the apparent ileal and faecal digestibilities of amino acids and the faecal digestibility of energy in the raw and heated field peas were determined using pigs fitted with ‘T’ -shaped cannulas. In the second, apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and the faecal digestibility of energy were determined using the direct ileal and rectal sampling technique. This involved a single collection of digesta and faeces from the digestive tract of the pig while it was anaesthetized. The faecal digestibilities of amino acids and energy were determined using total faeces collection in the third experiment. In all experiments the respective field-pea treatments comprised 400 g/kg sugar-based diets and were the only source of amino acids. Heat significantly decreased the lysine (14.6–8.7 g/kg; P < 0.001), cystine (3.2–2.6 g/kg; P < 0.01) and arginine (16.7–14.5 g/kg; P < 0.05) contents of the heated peas. The ‘reactive’ lysine content of the field peas, as measured using the Silcock technique, was decreased by 0.11 and 0.30 with the application of heat at 150° and 165° respectively. Heat treatments did not alter the ileal digestibility of most amino acids. Only aspartic acid (0.72–0.58), glutamic acid (0.80–0.65) and the basic amino acids, lysine (0.79–0.56) and arginine (0.85–0.75), showed a significant linear decrease (P < 0.05) in ileal digestibility over the heat treatments, determined using the ileal cannulation procedure. Heating significantly (P < 0.05) decreased faecal digestibility for all amino acids. Faecal digestibility was consistently greater than ileal digestibility for the raw field peas; however, this difference decreased with heat application until faecal digestibility was equal or less than ileal digestibility at the 165° treatment. Heat linearly depressed digestible energy, diet dry-matter digestibility and diet energy digestibility. Losses in lysine, cystine and arginine are likely to be due to early and advanced Maillard reactions. Considerable binding of the remaining lysine also occurred as indicated by a decline in Silcock-reactive lysine. The results indicate that the direct ileal sampling technique is a viable alternative to the cannulation procedure for amino acids, but further method development is required to decrease the variability associated with measurements. The estimation of faecal digestibility using indigestible markers and the partial faeces collection technique was as efficient as total faeces collection. In general, ileal digestibility of amino acids showed little response to heating, however, any changes that were observed were greatest for lysine. In contrast, faecal digestibility of all amino acids was greatly reduced with increasing heat application. This response appeared to be largely due to the effect of heating on microbial degradation and synthesis of amino acids in the hind-gut, rather than a reflection of the changes within the protein induced by heating. This variable response makes faecal digestibility an unreliable estimator of amino acid ileal digestibility.

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs given a barley-based diet with increasing inclusion of lucerne leaf meal

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reverter ◽  
J. E. Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Leaf Meal

AbstractIleal digestibility of amino acids in barley-based diets with increasing inclusion of lucerne leaf meal (LLM; 0, 50, 100 and 200 g/kg) was studied in a change-over experiment with post-valve T-caecum cannulated growing pigs. The apparent Heal digestibility of crude protein, as well as of most of the essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) was not significantly affected by the dietary inclusion of LLM. The exceptions were cystine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid and serine, all of which showed a significant (P< 0·05) reduction in apparent Heal digestibility with increasing inclusion of LLM. In contrast, the calculated true Heal digestibility of all EAA (with the exception of arginine and lysine) and the NEAA glutamic acid and serine were significantly (P< 0·05) reduced with the inclusion of LLM. Associated with an increased crude protein intake, there was a significant (P< 0·05) increase in the amount of absorbed EAA when the proportion of LLM was increased in the diet. With increasing proportion of fibre in the diet, there was a significant (P< 0·05) increase in the Heal flow of glucosamine.It can be concluded from the present data that the inclusion of LLM in a barley-based diet for growing pigs will result in an improvement in the absorbed amino-acid profile due to a significant increase in the absorption of all of the EAA.

Effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal on the antioxidant status and stress response pathways in tissues of growing pigs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Robert Ringseis ◽  
Lukas Peter ◽  
Denise K. Gessner ◽  
Sandra Meyer ◽  
Erika Most ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor Larvae

Reduction of nitrogen excretion by pigs between 20 and 50 kg live weight given low protein diets

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
P.H. Simmins ◽  
J.P. Braund ◽  
A. Laurie ◽  
J. Pinasseau ◽  
J. Weigel
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Levels

The potential reduction in nitrogenous excretion by growing pigs, through the reduction of protein levels in diets, has not been consistently achieved without compromising performance. This may have been due to inadequate formulation of the diets. Formulation on the basis of the total amino acid content of feed ingredients may limit the nitrogen retention, and hence the rate of protein accretion (Lee et al., 1993). Therefore, the objective of the experiment reported here was to evaluate the nitrogen balance of pigs fed diets at two levels of protein, formulated on the basis of true ileal digestibility of the essential amino acids (Rhône-Poulenc Animal Nutrition, 1993) and the net energy available from the raw materials (Noblet et al., 1994).

scholarly journals The relative effects of a low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet on the free amino acid composition of liver and muscle

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230
Author(s):  
P. G. Lunn ◽  
R. G. Whitehead ◽  
B. A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Low Protein

1. Free amino acid concentrations in the plasma have been compared with those in liver and quadriceps muscle, in rats fed on diets containing 209 (control) and 31 (low-protein) g protein/kg. The effects of the low-protein diet on diurnal variations in these values were also measured.2. In the plasma, the total amino acid concentration was significantly lower in animals given the low-protein diet, at all times of day except 12.00 hours. In the liver, and to a lesser extent the muscle, total amino acid concentration was maintained.3. In the control animals, diurnal variation in the concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids was very similar in plasma, liver and muscle. In animals given the low-protein diet, although the same diurnal pattern was maintained for non-essential amino acids, that occurring among the essential amino acids had virtually disappeared.4. In plasma, the mean 24 h concentration of essential amino acids decreased from 24· mmol/l in control animals to only 1·29 mmol/l in the low-protein-fed animals. Concentrations in muscle and liver were reduced by a similar proportion (from 8·6 to 5·56 μmol/g and from 8·67 to 5·05 μmol/g respectively). Conversely the concentrations of non-essential amino acids in animals given the low-protein diet were increased in plasma (from 1·53 to 2·00 mmol/l), muscle (from 12·5 to 14·3 μmol/g), and liver (from 16·8 to 20·5 μmol/g), muscle showing the lowest increase.5. With the exceptions of lysine, threonine, cystine and tyrosine, the concentrations of all other essential amino acids were reduced more in liver than in muscle. The relationship between this and the failure to maintain plasma albumin concentrations is discussed.

scholarly journals 129 Effect of Ronozyme® WX supplementation on apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients in broiler chicks fed varying levels of rice bran

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 112-112
Author(s):  
Richard B Omidiwura ◽  
Adebisi F Agboola ◽  
Taiwo O Makinde ◽  
Grace O Oyebode
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Regression Approach

Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of rice bran (RB) and Ronozyme® WX on apparent and true ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility coefficients in broiler chicks using a regression approach. Two hundred and forty 21-day-old Abor Acre plus chicks were randomly allotted to six diets with varying levels of RB (100, 200 and 300 g/kg) without (0g/kg) or with Ronozyme® WX (25g/kg) supplementation in a 2x3 factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had 5 replicates with 8 birds each. The birds were fed for 5 days (d 22–26). On d 26, digesta was sampled from distal ileum. Data were analyzed using general linear model at α0.05. Lysine had the highest concentration among the essential amino acids (AAs) while the lowest concentration was observed for threonine. Rice bran at 10% for the essential amino acids with enzyme was significantly higher but compared with concentrations of RB at 10% and 20% without enzyme. There were no significant differences among the true ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients except lysine (10% RB) without enzyme (0.91) which was significantly higher than 20% RB with enzyme (0.84) but similar to other treatments. Rice bran with enzyme had a significant (P &lt; 0.05) interactive effect on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of arginine, histidine, isoleucine methionine and phenylalanine. When RB was supplemented with enzyme, a significant (P &lt; 0.05) interactive effect on true ileal digestibility coefficients of arginine and methionine was observed. Rice bran-enzyme interaction had no significant effect on the non-essential AAs. The slopes of the regression lines ranged from 0.77 (arginine) to 0.98 (phenylalanine). In conclusion, enzyme supplementation did not significantly influence the digestibility coefficients of AA in rice bran. However, the inclusion of 10% and 20% RB supplemented with Ronozyme® can help to improve the methionine content in rice bran.

scholarly journals PSIV-1 Apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy and carbohydrates in hybrid rye and other cereal grains fed to growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 183-184
Author(s):  
Molly L McGhee ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Hybrid Rye ◽  
Period Data ◽  
D 12

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, starch, and total dietary fiber (TDF), and the concentration of ME in 2 hybrids of rye (Bono and Brasetto) are not different from values for barley, wheat, corn, and sorghum. Twenty-four ileal cannulated barrows (28.1 ± 3.0 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to a 2-period experimental design with 6 diets and 4 replicate pigs in each 13-d period. Diets consisted of 97% of each grain, and no pig received the same diet twice. Urine and feces were collected for 4 d after 5 d of diet adaptation, and ileal digesta were collected on d 12 and 13 of each period. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of diet and the random effects of pig and period. The ME (DM basis) was greatest (P < 0.05) in corn and wheat, and least (P < 0.05) in barley, and the ME in Bono and Brasetto rye was 3,499 and 3,459 kcal/kg DM, respectively (Table 1). In all grains, the AID of starch was greater than 90%, and the ATTD of starch was nearly 100%. The AID of TDF was reduced (P < 0.05) in Bono rye compared with all other cereal grains, but the ATTD of TDF was greater (P < 0.05) in Bono and Brasetto rye than in the other grains. In conclusion, the current data indicate that rye results in reduced pre-cecal absorption of energy compared with wheat, corn, and sorghum, but hindgut fermentation of fiber is greater for pigs fed rye. The ME in hybrid rye is not different from values for barley and sorghum, but less than in wheat and corn.

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