Spytihněv I (CE 875–915), Duke of Bohemia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall Joseph Becker
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Life History ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Early States ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Skeletal Robusticity ◽  
Shed Light

Becker applies a life history (or osteobiographic) approach in the study of the remains of individuals who have been identified as Prince Spytihn?v, Duke of Bohemia, and his wife. Specifically, Becker seeks to learn how the confluence of diet and royal social status in the 9th century A.D. early Czech state affected these two elite people’s growth process and physical activity. This contextually rich work tests the notion that terminal adult stature and skeletal robusticity may have embodied lives of privilege. The data reveal that while Spytihn?v and his wife were notably more robust than people of the lower social rank, their stature falls within the range of all other males and females from this population. Stature variation may not always hold a one-to-one correlation with social rank, especially considering individual variation and the biocultural vagaries of the early Czech state. The bioarchaeology of such “emergent elites” helps shed light on the early states of late first millennium Europe.

Life History Traits in a Population of Pelobates syriacus (Boettger, 1889) from Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-200
Author(s):  
Ufuk Bülbül ◽  
Halime Koç ◽  
Yasemin Odabaş ◽  
Ali İhsan Eroğlu ◽  
Muammer Kurnaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Spadefoot Toad ◽  
Males And Females

Age structure of the eastern spadefoot toad, Pelobates syriacus from the Kızılırmak Delta (Turkey) were assessed using phalangeal skeletochronology. Snout-vent length (SVL) ranged from 42.05 to 86.63 mm in males and 34.03 to 53.27 mm in females. Age of adults ranged from 2 to 8 years in males and 3 to 5 years in females. For both sexes, SVL was significantly correlated with age. Males and females of the toads reached maturity at 2 years of age.

What forms of socialization lead women to stop cycling during adolescence?

2021 ◽  
pp. 101269022110296
Author(s):  
David Sayagh ◽  
Clément Dusong
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Ecological Health ◽  
Class Environment ◽  
Health Sport ◽  
Shed Light

Cycling in public spaces is both a mobility and a physical activity underpinned by considerable issues, but women practice significantly less, particularly during adolescence. A few studies have sought to study this phenomenon but mainly on the basis of social psychology theories. Based on 84 semi-structured biographical interviews conducted in France, this article aims to discuss their findings using gender, mobility and socialization sociology. We first show how a ‘feminine’ socialization to risk taking, body aesthetics, sport, street and mechanics is an obstacle to cycling during adolescence, especially in the working-class environment and all the more so in spatial contexts with strong norms of male appropriation of public space. We then show how the fact of having cyclists in one's social environment and a sporting inclination plays an important role in limiting the risk of abandonment. By highlighting processes of reinforcement of gendered bodily and spatial inclinations, our results shed light on the links between the socio-construction of inequalities in accessing public space and of inequalities in accessing physical activities. Furthermore, they encourage the study of bicycle socialisation in an intersectional way and suggest the interest of studying the links between urban, ecological, health, sport and mobility socialisations.

The Life History and Habits of Chrysomela crotchi Brown (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Northwestern Ontario

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Smereka
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
History Of ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Overwintering Mortality ◽  
Larval Parasites

AbstractThe life history of Chrysomela crotchi, a univoltine species commonly found on trembling aspen, was studied in northwestern Ontario from 1959 to 1962. The most striking feature of its life history was the longevity of adults, which were capable of overwintering two successive years. Overwintered adults became active and began feeding in late May, and oviposition occurred from early June to late July. The incubation period was approximately 10 days and the three larval instars required approximately one month for development to the adult stage.Females laid more eggs during their second season and the highest number laid was 326. The number of eggs in an egg mass averaged 37.6, and the average interval between the deposition of egg masses was 4 days. Males and females mated more than once, but only one mating was necessary for a female to produce viable eggs throughout the season. Males were capable of fertilizing more than one female and remained potent for more than one season.Parasitism was low, and only two species of larval parasites were reared. Several predator species were observed preying on the immature stages. Predation and overwintering mortality appeared to be the most important control factors.

scholarly journals Longevity of Willow Tits (Poecile montanus): the significance of flock membership, social rank and body size

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Olav Hogstad ◽  
Tore Slagsvold
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
High Rank ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Willow Tit ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Winter Flocks ◽  
Main Factor

The Willow Tit Poecile montanus is highly sedentary and breeding pairs remain in their exclusive areas throughout the year. During the winter, these areas are defended by small, non-kin flocks, formed as the roaming yearlings become sedentary and join adults during late summer and autumn. Once established, stable social hierarchies are maintained in these flocks during the winter. The winter flocks consist normally of the socially dominant adult mated pair and two mated juvenile pairs, one higher-ranked and one lower-ranked. Individually colour-ringed juvenile Willow Tits were followed over years in subalpine forest in Norway from ringing in the autumn till they disappeared. None of the lower ranked birds survived their first winter, whereas only 4 of 71 higher-ranked juvenile pairs disappeared during this time. Half of the 71 pairs survived their first winter, about 25 % survived two winters, 8.5% survived three winters, and 5.6% survived four winters. Survival was similar for males and females. Alpha pairs remained mated and defended their common territory across years. Maximum age as revealed by ringing showed one female became six years old and two males ringed as adults were at least nine years old when last observed. The main factor associated with survival was early flock establishment that led to a high rank position among the juvenile flock members. Body size seemed insignificant. Birds that survived their first winter either succeeded to establish as territory owners or they were forced into the role as floaters and probably perished.

scholarly journals Life History on the Growth Process as Taekwondo Coach

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Bing, Won-Chul ◽  
Kim, Chang-Woo
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Growth Process

scholarly journals A LIFE-HISTORY PERSPECTIVE ON SEXUAL SELECTION IN A POLYGAMOUS SPECIES

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gao Ke ◽  
Michiel van Wijk ◽  
Zoe Clement ◽  
Martijn Egas ◽  
Astrid Groot
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Life History ◽  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Bateman Gradient ◽  
Multiple Matings ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Background Ever since Darwin, evolutionary biologists have studied sexual selection driving differences in appearance and behaviour between males and females. An unchallenged paradigm in such studies is that one sex (usually the male) signals its quality as a mate to the other sex (usually the female), who is choosy in accepting a partner. Here, we argue that in polygamous species these roles may change dynamically with the mating status of males and females, depending on direct reproductive costs and benefits of multiple matings, and on sperm competition. We test this hypothesis using a polygamous moth species, as in moths not males but females are the signalers and males are the responders. Results We found that multiple matings are beneficial as well as costly for both sexes. Specifically, the number of matings did not affect the longevity of males or females, but when paired with a new virgin mate every night for five nights, only 67% of the males and 14% of the females mated successfully in all five nights. The female’s reproductive output increased with multiple matings, although when paired with a new virgin male every night, additional matings beyond 3 decreased her reproductive output, so that the Bateman gradient for females fit a quadratic model better than a linear model. The male’s reproductive success was positively affected by the number of matings and a linear regression line best fit the data. Simulations of the effect of sperm competition showed that increasing last-male paternity increases the steepness of the male Bateman gradient and thus the male’s relative fitness gain from additional mating. Irrespective of last-male paternity value, the female Bateman gradient is steeper than the male one for up to three matings. Conclusion Our results suggest that choosiness in moths may well change throughout the mating season, with males being more choosy early in the season and females being more choosy after having mated at least three times. This life-history perspective on the costs and benefits of multiple matings for both sexes sheds new light on sexual selection forces acting on sexual signals and responses.

Exploring the Relationship Between College Students’ Barriers to Exercise and Motivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Ball ◽  
Matthew R. Bice ◽  
Kimberly A. Maljak
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
College Students ◽  
Nontraditional Students ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
School Work ◽  
Psychological Need ◽  
Barriers To Exercise ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Demographics among college students are becoming increasingly diverse and the enrollment of students who are considered “nontraditional” is on the rise. Traditional and nontraditional students are faced with numerous physical activity barriers and increased responsibilities when it comes to balancing school, work, and physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between college students’ barriers to exercise and motivation among traditional and nontraditional students. Furthermore, the study explored the relationships between college students’ barriers to exercise and motivation among males and females. Methods: Participants (n = 217) completed the Barriers to Being Active Questionnaire, the Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Questionnaire, and the InternationalPhysical Activity Questionnaire. Results: The study found there were no differences among motivational factors, barriers to exercise, and traditional and nontraditional students. Females in this study reported significantly higher ratings of barriers compared to males. However, they reported higher ratings in the competence construct of Self-Determination Theory as compared to males. Conclusions: The current study,revealed traditional and nontraditional students, as well as males and females, all reported the same top three barriers to exercise that include: lack of time, energy, and willpower. Understanding college students’ motivation and barriers to physical activity is an important step in developing strategies to help them enhance their health and well-being. With the help of health professionals, college students can learn howto overcome these barriers.

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