scholarly journals Relationship between Ocular Morbidity and Infant Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdinc Bozkurt ◽  
Hayrunisa Bekis Bozkurt
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Ocular Morbidity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nutrition Source

The nutrition of the constantly growing and developing infant even after birth has an undeniable contribution to the development of eyes, which can be considered as the extension of the brain. Therefore, the elucidation of these physiological developments is valuable in terms of preventing pathological conditions. During the first six months of an infant’s life, nutrition is provided through breast milk or infant formula, and after the sixth month, there is a transition to additional food. Breast milk is, thus, considered as ‘miracle food’, with a growing body of research being undertaken to investigate its relationship with orbital diseases and reporting that breast milk reduces ocular morbidity. Breast milk is an accessible, economical and important nutrition source for eye development and infant health. The developments in recent years have resulted in the content of formula being closer to that of breast milk, which can positively affect the neurovisional development of babies that cannot be fed with breast milk.

scholarly journals Breast milk zinc and copper concentrations in Bangladesh

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dkaren SIMMER ◽  
Shameen Ahmed ◽  
Linda Carlsson ◽  
R. P. H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Breast Fed

Breast-fed infants in Bangladeshi villages were weighed at 1, 2, 6, 9 and 12 months. The concentrations of zinc and copper in the breast milk were measured and the daily intake of these elements calculated. Breast milk Zn concentration decreased over the year but was comparable with that found in developed countries. The calculated daily intake decreased from 17·7 to 8·0 μmol (10–30% of recommended dietary allowances (RDA); National Academy of Sciences, 1980). Breast milk Cu concentration also fell over the year and was lower than that reported from developed countries. Calculated daily Cu intake was 1·95–2·63 μmol (RDA 7·81–15·63 μmol). Deficiencies of trace elements may therefore be a problem in poorly nourished communities where breast feeding is continued for several years with only small amounts of additional food. Breast milk may not be adequate as the only source of infant nutrition after the first few months of life in Bangladesh.

Current Methods for the Analysis of Selected Novel Nutrients in Infant Formulas and Adult Nutritionals

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendon D Gill ◽  
Harvey E Indyk ◽  
David C Woollard
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Representative Selection

Abstract Infant formula is designed to provide the human infant with a sole source of nutrition and it is intended to imitate breast milk. In recent years, advances in the science of infant nutrition have led to an increasing number of novel ingredients that are supplemented into infant formula. As the list of these nutritionally important nutrients is lengthy, this review summarizes contemporary analytical methods that have been applied to a representative selection (lutein, carnitine, choline, nucleotides, inositol, taurine, sialic acid, gangliosides, triacylglycerides, oligosaccharides, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin).

scholarly journals Multifunctional Benefits of Prevalent HMOs: Implications for Infant Health

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3364
Author(s):  
David R. Hill ◽  
Jo May Chow ◽  
Rachael H. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Health ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Digestive Health

Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition during infancy and is associated with a broad range of health benefits. However, there remains a significant and persistent need for innovations in infant formula that will allow infants to access a wider spectrum of benefits available to breastfed infants. The addition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to infant formulas represents the most significant innovation in infant nutrition in recent years. Although not a direct source of calories in milk, HMOs serve as potent prebiotics, versatile anti-infective agents, and key support for neurocognitive development. Continuing improvements in food science will facilitate production of a wide range of HMO structures in the years to come. In this review, we evaluate the relationship between HMO structure and functional benefits. We propose that infant formula fortification strategies should aim to recapitulate a broad range of benefits to support digestive health, immunity, and cognitive development associated with HMOs in breastmilk. We conclude that acetylated, fucosylated, and sialylated HMOs likely confer important health benefits through multiple complementary mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals New Insights Into Microbiota Modulation-Based Nutritional Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Buffet-Bataillon ◽  
Amandine Bellanger ◽  
Gaelle Boudry ◽  
Jean-Pierre Gangneux ◽  
Mathilde Yverneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Neurological Outcomes

Gut microbiota and the central nervous system have parallel developmental windows during pre and post-natal life. Increasing evidences suggest that intestinal dysbiosis in preterm infants predisposes the neonate to adverse neurological outcomes later in life. Understanding the link between gut microbiota colonization and brain development to tailor therapies aimed at optimizing initial colonization and microbiota development are promising strategies to warrant adequate brain development and enhance neurological outcomes in preterm infants. Breast-feeding has been associated with both adequate cognitive development and healthy microbiota in preterms. Infant formula are industrially produced substitutes for infant nutrition that do not completely recapitulate breast-feeding benefices and could be largely improved by the understanding of the role of breast milk components upon gut microbiota. In this review, we will first discuss the nutritional and bioactive component information on breast milk composition and its contribution to the assembly of the neonatal gut microbiota in preterms. We will then discuss the emerging pathways connecting the gut microbiota and brain development. Finally, we will discuss the promising microbiota modulation-based nutritional interventions (including probiotic and prebiotic supplementation of infant formula and maternal nutrition) for improving neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Follow-up or Weaning Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1067
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk

A high level of success in infant nutrition has been achieved in the United States by breast-feeding as preferred, or by feeding with iron-fortified infant formulas. Minor controversies about feeding choices occur when infants are weaned from an all liquid diet to one containing a variety of solid foods. Weaning is not a single event but a process that takes place throughout a number of months, beginning optimally between 4 and 6 months of age. The nutritional objective is to achieve a varied diet with approximately 35% to 50% of energy coming from sources other than breast milk or infant formula. Variety remains the key to the diet, particularly for infants older than 6 months of age. Solid food must provide an adequate source of iron, trace minerals, and vitamins to replace and supplement those in that portion of breast milk or formula removed from the diet. Breast milk and fortified infant formula continue to be optimal for the milk segment of the diet during the second 6 months of life. The mother may choose to stop breast-feeding for a variety of reasons, however. The Committee on Nutrition has indicated that cow's milk could be substituted in the second 6 months of age provided that (1) the amount of milk calories consumed does not exceed 65% of total calories and (2) the solid food portion of the diet replace the iron and vitamins deficient in cow's milk. Recently "follow-up" feedings (formulas) have been marketed in the United States as they have been in Europe for many years.

scholarly journals Vulnerable families and costly formula: a qualitative exploration of infant formula purchasing among peri-urban Peruvian households

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica D. Rothstein ◽  
Peter J. Winch ◽  
Jessica Pachas ◽  
Lilia Z. Cabrera ◽  
Mayra Ochoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Breastfeeding Education ◽  
Vulnerable Families ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Qualitative Exploration

Abstract Background Substantial evidence exists surrounding the health risks of breast milk substitutes (BMS) in place of exclusive breastfeeding among infants < 6 months of age in resource-poor settings. Yet, mothers’ experiences of selecting and purchasing BMS brands have not been well studied to date. This qualitative study explored the factors influencing BMS purchasing practices, along with the consequences of those decisions, in peri-urban Lima, Peru. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 29 mothers who had begun mixed-feeding their infants during the first 6 months of life. Interviews explored participants’ reasons for initiating infant formula use and their experiences of selecting, purchasing, and providing BMS to their children. Audio recordings were transcribed, coded, and key themes and illustrative vignettes were identified. Results The primary reported reasons for initiating infant formula use included having received a recommendation for infant formula from a healthcare provider, concerns about an infant’s weight gain, and the perception of insufficient breast milk. Mothers tended to initially purchase the BMS brand that had been recommended by a doctor, which was often more expensive than the alternatives. The costs of BMS, which escalated as infants grew, often disrupted the household economy and generated significant stress. While some mothers identified alternatives allowing them to continue purchasing the same brand, others chose to switch to less expensive products. Several mothers began to feed their infants follow-on formula or commercial milk, despite their awareness that such practices were not recommended for infants under 6 months of age. The approval of family members and the absence of an infant’s immediate adverse reaction influenced mothers’ decisions to continue purchasing these products. Conclusions The high costs of BMS may deepen existing socio-economic vulnerabilities and generate new risks for infant health. The continued dedication of resources towards breastfeeding education and support is critical, and strategies would benefit from underscoring the long-term financial and health consequences of infant formula use, and from strengthening women’s self-efficacy to refuse to initiate infant formula when recommended. In addition, health providers should be trained in counseling to help women to relactate or return to exclusive breastfeeding after cessation.

Levels of Trace Elements in Human Breast Milk in Jordan: a Comparison with Infant Formula Milk Powder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya R. Tahboub ◽  
Adnan M. Massadeh ◽  
Nihaya A. Al-sheyab ◽  
Diab El shrafat ◽  
Israa A. Nsserat
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Infant Formula Milk

scholarly journals Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2670
Author(s):  
Aysegül Aksan ◽  
Izzet Erdal ◽  
Siddika Songül Yalcin ◽  
Jürgen Stein ◽  
Gülhan Samur
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
System Development ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pregnancy Weight

Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein found in human tissues and body fluids. OPN in breast milk is thought to play a major role in growth and immune system development in early infancy. Here, we investigated maternal factors that may affect concentrations of OPN in breast milk, and the possible associated consequences for the health of neonates. Methods: General characteristics, health status, dietary patterns, and anthropometric measurements of 85 mothers and their babies were recorded antenatally and during postnatal follow-up. Results: The mean concentration of OPN in breast milk was 137.1 ± 56.8 mg/L. Maternal factors including smoking, BMI, birth route, pregnancy weight gain, and energy intake during lactation were associated with OPN levels (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were determined between body weight, length, and head circumference, respectively, and OPN levels after one (r = 0.442, p = < 0.001; r = −0.284, p = < 0.001; r = −0.392, p = < 0.001) and three months (r = 0.501, p = < 0.001; r = −0.450, p = < 0.001; r = −0.498, p = < 0.001) of lactation. A negative relation between fever-related infant hospitalizations from 0–3 months and breast milk OPN levels (r = −0.599, p < 0.001) was identified. Conclusions: OPN concentrations in breast milk differ depending on maternal factors, and these differences can affect the growth and immune system functions of infants. OPN supplementation in infant formula feed may have benefits and should be further investigated.

The Use of Whole Cow's Milk in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1105-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Iron Deficient

The pediatrician is faced with a difficult challenge in providing recommendations for optimal nutrition in older infants. Because the milk (or formula) portion of the diet represents 35% to 100% of total daily calories and because WCM and breast milk or infant formula differ markedly in composition, the selection of a milk or formula has a great impact on nutrient intake. Infants fed WCM have low intakes of iron, linoleic acid, and vitamin E, and excessive intakes of sodium, potassium, and protein, illustrating the poor nutritional compatibility of solid foods and WCM. These nutrient intakes are not optimal and may result in altered nutritional status, with the most dramatic effect on iron status. Infants fed iron-fortified formula or breast milk for the first 12 months of life generally maintain normal iron status. No studies have concluded that the introduction of WCM into the diet at 6 months of age produces adequate iron status in later infancy; however, recent studies have demonstrated that iron status is significantly impaired when WCM is introduced into the diet of 6-month-old infants. Data from studies abroad of highly iron-deficient infant populations suggest that infants fed partially modified milk formulas with supplemental iron in a highly bioavailable form (ferrous sulfate) may maintain adequate iron status. However, these studies do not address the overall nutritional adequacy of the infant's diet. Such formulas have not been studied in the United States. Optimal nutrition of the infant involves selecting the appropriate milk source and eventually introducing infant solid foods. To achieve this goal, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be fed breast milk for the first 6 to 12 months. The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is iron-fortified infant formula. Appropriate solid foods should be added between the ages of 4 and 6 months. Consumption of breast milk or iron-fortified formula, along with age-appropriate solid foods and juices, during the first 12 months of life allows for more balanced nutrition. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that whole cow's milk and low-iron formulas not be used during the first year of life.

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
T. Tomomasa ◽  
P. E. Hyman ◽  
K. Itoh ◽  
J. Y. Hsu ◽  
T. Koizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P &lt; .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

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