Water Absorption Model of Barley as Raw Material of Shochu on Custom Method of Spontaneous Draining

Food by-products can be used as natural and sustainable food ingredients. However, a modification is needed to improve the technofunctional properties according to the specific needs of designated applications. A lab-scale twin-screw extruder was used to process enzymatically treated apple pomace from commercial fruit juice production. To vary the range of the thermomechanical treatment, various screw speeds (200, 600, 1000 min−1), and screw configurations were applied to the raw material. Detailed chemical and functional analyses were performed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the extrusion processing on apple pomace composition and technofunctional properties as well as structures of individual polymers. Extrusion at moderate thermomechanical conditions increased the water absorption, swelling, and viscosity of the material. An increase in thermomechanical stress resulted in a higher water solubility index, but negatively affected the water absorption index, viscosity, and swelling. Scanning electron microscopy showed an extrusion-processing-related disruption of the cell wall. Dietary fiber analysis revealed an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 12.6 to 17.2 g/100 g dry matter at maximum thermo-mechanical treatment. Dietary fiber polysaccharide analysis demonstrated compositional changes, mainly in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction. In short, pectin polysaccharides seem to be susceptible to thermo-mechanical stress, especially arabinans as neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I.

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The Influence of Sewage Sludge Content and Sintering Temperature on Selected Properties of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14123363 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3363

Author(s):

Jolanta Latosińska ◽

Maria Żygadło ◽

Przemysław Czapik

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Apparent Density ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Raw Material ◽

Closed Porosity ◽

Specific Density ◽

Sustainability Principles

Wastewater treatment processes produce sewage sludge (SS), which, in line with environmental sustainability principles, can be a valuable source of matter in the production of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA). The literature on the influence of SS content and sintering temperature on the properties of LECA is scarce. This paper aims to statistically evaluate the effects of SS content and sintering temperature on LECA physical properties. Total porosity, pore volume, and apparent density were determined with the use of a density analyzer. A helium pycnometer was utilized to determine the specific density. Closed porosity was calculated. The test results demonstrated a statistically significant influence of the SS content on the specific density and water absorption of LECA. The sintering temperature had a significant effect on the specific density, apparent density, total porosity, closed porosity, total volume of pores, and water absorption. It was proved that a broad range of the SS content is admissible in the raw material mass for the production of LECA.

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Soybean waste in particleboard production

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-70542018422015817 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 186-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Evelyn Hoffmamm Martins ◽

Alan Pereira Vilela ◽

Rafael Farinassi Mendes ◽

Lourival Marin Mendes ◽

Lívia Elisabeth Vasconcellos de Siqueira Brandão Vaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

High Yield ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Hybrid Eucalyptus

ABSTRACT Brazil is the second largest soybean producer in the world, with a yield of around 96.2 million tons per crop. This high yield leads to a great amount of waste resulting from soybean cultivation, which can reach approximately 41 million tons of waste per year. This material has lignocellulosic properties, which may enable its use as a raw material for particleboard production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of soybean pods in particleboard production. For particleboard manufacture, wood of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis was used, added with soybean pods, at proportions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. For particleboard evaluation, a completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and three replicates, using linear regression and the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance for comparison among the different treatments. The properties apparent density, compaction ratio, water absorption after 2 and 24 hours, thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours in water immersion, internal bonding, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in bending properties were evaluated. The ratio soybean pod waste and eucalyptus particles in the panels led to an increase in water absorption values and thickness swelling, in addition to a decrease in mechanical properties. The production of panels with approximately 23% soybean pods is feasible.

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Possible Use Of Hemp And Wood In Production Of The Heat Insulation Materials

Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference ◽

10.17770/etr2011vol1.883 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 323

Author(s):

Martins Andzs ◽

Voldemars Skrupskis

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Heat Insulation ◽

Raw Material ◽

Insulation Material ◽

Heat Transmission ◽

Insulation Materials ◽

Wood Fibres ◽

Heat Insulation Material ◽

Renewable Raw Material

Obtaining of a new ecological heat insulation material from always renewable raw material in nature, wood and hemp, derived from wood and hemp fibre remains left from the production process. The study was carried out to find hemp wood parts (shives), fiber, and material first possible compositions together with wood fibres, to produce heat insulation materials. The use of the heat insulation material would be meant for dwelling and recreation houses. In the present research the main characteristics of these materials are determined: moisture content, density, water absorption, as well as the coefficient of heat transmission.

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USE OF SLUDGE FROM SANITARY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (S.T.P) AND THEIR USE AS RAW MATERIAL IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS

Periódico Tchê Química ◽

10.52571/ptq.v16.n33.2019.838_periodico33_pgs_823_840.pdf ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (33) ◽

pp. 823-840

Author(s):

M. K. TARABAI ◽

S. G. de AZEVEDO

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Point Of View ◽

Test Method ◽

Raw Material ◽

Environmental Preservation ◽

Ceramic Block ◽

Environmental Requirements ◽

The One

This paper discusses a possible solution regarding the final disposal of sludge from Sanitary Sewage Treatment Stations (ET), aiming at environmental preservation. The solid waste generated after the wastewater treatment processes is highly contaminating and detrimental to the area in which it is deposited. Given this, the use of sludge with the application of reuse techniques becomes pertinent, both from the economic point of view and from the ecological point of view. By replacing the use of aggregates from mineral deposits, the main clay raw material in the manufacture of ceramic products (Vieira, 2000), by the treated sludge of WWTP we will save on the sources of granular materials. Aiming its reintegration to the production cycle through the introduction of sludge as raw material incorporated in the ceramic mass in the manufacture of hollow bricks, the viability of use was verified through performance analysis, compared to the control brick made of pottery, without the addition of sludge. Specimens were prepared with three types of samples: 90% clay and 10% sludge; 80% clay and 20% sludge; 70% clay and 30% sludge. Mass loss, water absorption index and compressive strength tests were performed. As for the tests, the specimens with 10% and 20% of sludge were the ones that had better adaptation to the technical requirements, but because it is a larger volume of the residue for the application of reuse techniques, the brick with 20% sludge dosage. is the most suitable. NBR7.171, November 1992: Ceramic Block for masonry; Specification NBR 6.461, June 1983: Masonry Ceramic Block - Compressive Strength Check: Test Method; NBR 8.947, November 1992: Ceramic Tile- Determination of Mass and Water Absorption: Test Method. As for the tests, the specimen with 20% of sludge was the one that had the best adaptation to technical and environmental requirements. The present article approaches a possible solution regarding the destination of the sludge coming from Sanitary Sewage Treatment Stations, aiming at environmental preservation. Aiming at its reintegration into the productive cycle through applications of reuse techniques, the sludge became raw material when the ceramic mass was incorporated into the brick fabrication. Three types of samples were elaborated: 90% of clay and 10% of mud; 80% clay and 20% sludge; 70% clay and 30% sludge. As for the tests, the test specimen with 20% of sludge was the one that had more adequacy to the technical and environmental requirements.

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Effect of ageing on technological properties of goose meat

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120002657 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Tomasz Żmijewski ◽

Janusz Fryderyk Pomianowski ◽

Katarzyna Tkacz

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Shear Force ◽

Ageing Time ◽

Free Water ◽

Storage Period ◽

Raw Material ◽

Water Volume ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Hydration Properties ◽

Mean Values

AbstractAmong the poultry species, goose meat is relatively hard and cohesive and characterised by the highest chewiness and gumminess. Therefore, it can be assumed that goose meat ageing can improve its quality(1,2).The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ageing time of goose breast muscle on selected technological properties.The study material consisted musclus pectoralis of Polish White Kołuda oat geese, slaughtered at 15–17 weeks of age, weighing 6–7 kg. After slaughter, carcasses were cooled and breast muscles were cut out, vacuum packed and stored at 4°C ± 1°C. Analyses were performed 1, 7, 14, 21 days post mortem on eight breast muscles on each of the days (n = 8).The following parameters were determined: pH, muscle surface and cross-section colour, natural drip, free water, water absorption, thermal drip and shear force. A one-factor variance analysis method with Duncan's test (P ≤ 0.05) was used to evaluate the variation of mean values.It was demonstrated that muscle pH increases with an increase in the cool storage period. This parameter considerably increased from day 14 of ageing. Muscle colour changes were observed only on its surface between day 1 and 21. The ageing period had an effect on the meat hydration properties. Natural drip volume increased with an increase in the storage period and corresponded with the free water volume. A significantly greater volume of natural drip (1.77%) and a lower volume of free water (8.98%) were observed on day 21. Water absorption significantly increased on day 7 of ageing and remained constant until the end of the ageing time. A similar relationship was found while evaluating the shear force. A rapid drop in shear force was observed, which reflected an increase in meat tenderness by almost 5N between day 1 and 7 of the experiment. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the analysed raw material featured the most favourable technological properties on day 7 of ageing and that an extension of the ageing process was unjustified.

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Experiment and application of ceramsite concrete used to maintain roadway in coal mine

Measurement and Control ◽

10.1177/0020294020947134 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002029402094713

Author(s):

Ying Chen ◽

Qianjia Hui ◽

Hongwei Zhang ◽

Zhijie Zhu ◽

Cunwen Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Social Benefits ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Optimal Scheme ◽

Underground Coal Mines ◽

Absorption Performance ◽

Early Strength

This paper presents a scientific basis and reference for the application of ceramsite concrete in underground coal mines. Taking fly-ash ceramsite as raw material, a variety of mix proportions of C20 ceramsite concrete were proposed by changing the sand rate of concrete. The results showed that: (1) fly-ash ceramsite has different water absorption performance with different particle sizes. The water absorption stopped after soaked for 48 h. So, the ceramsite should be soaked for more than 48 h to prevent the cement from hydrating insufficient which affects the mechanical properties of the concrete. (2) Seven mix proportions of C20 ceramsite concrete were designed by changing the ceramsite proportion. The ceramsite proportion of 43% was determined as optimal scheme whose 28-day strength was 29.60 MPa and elastic modulus was 12.45 GPa. (3) The optimal scheme was applied and verified in the field. The early strength of ceramsite concrete promotes quickly, 3-day strength was 16.8 MPa, and the 28-day strength was 29.9 MPa. Compared with ordinary pebble concrete, ceramsite concrete can provide faster, higher strength support to the roadway. Meanwhile, ceramsite concrete have properties of lightweight, and its application will bring economic and social benefits.

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Development of Nano Modified Eco-Friendly Green Binders for Sustainable Construction Applications

Nano Hybrids and Composites ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.24.25 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 25-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hamada Shoukry

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Raw Material ◽

Sustainable Construction ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Cementitious Composites ◽

Water Absorption Coefficient ◽

Compressive And Flexural Strengths ◽

Cement Manufacturing

Cement manufacturing, which is partially responsible for environmental and health risks as well as the greenhouse gas emissions, is a binder industry that needs energy and raw material. To decrease the needing, this study develops nano-modified eco-friendly cementitious composites including industrial solid wastes and/or by-products. For this purpose, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was partially replaced with 70 wt% of fly ash (FA), Nano metakaolin (NMK) was incorporated at a rate of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 % as partial replacement by weight of FA to take advantage of the great role of nano materials in improving the mechanical and physical properties of cement based materials. Compressive strength, flexural strength, and capillary water absorption coefficient have been studied at 28 days of curing according to the international ASTM standards. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to study the phase composition/decomposition. The microstructure characteristics of the hardened samples were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive analytical x-ray unit (EDAX). The results revealed that the partial replacement of cement by 70% of FA has reduced both compressive and flexural strengths by about 45% in addition; the water absorption has been increased by about 175% as compared to the OPC. The replacement of FA by different amounts of NMK compensate for the loss in strength by about 75%. Furthermore, NMK has considerably improved the microstructure and reduced the water absorption by 86%. The study concluded that, it is possible to substitute 70% of the weight of the cement in the production of eco-friendly cementitious composites with improved mechanical performance attaining 88% of the corresponding performance of the hydrated OPC. The developed composites can be considered as green binders and recommended for various applications in construction industry.

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A Study on Tannery Sludge as a Raw Material for Cement Mortar

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12091562 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1562 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jurgita Malaiškienė ◽

Olga Kizinievič ◽

Viktor Kizinievič

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Cement Mortar ◽

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Ultrasonic Pulse ◽

Pulse Velocity ◽

Raw Material ◽

Tannery Sludge ◽

Limit Values

The paper analyses the properties (chemical and mineral composition, microstructure, density, etc.) of recycled tannery sludge (TS) and the possibilities for using it in cement mortar mixture. Mortar specimens containing 3–12% of tannery sludge by weight of cement and 3–9% of tannery sludge by weight of sand were tested. Flowability, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), flexural and compressive strength, water absorption and sorptivity of the mortar were analysed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of tannery sludge and mortar are presented. The tests revealed that replacement of 6% of cement with tannery sludge in the mix increased flexural and compressive strength and UPV values, whereas water absorption decreased. SEM and XRD analysis revealed that specimens with tannery sludge contained lower amounts of ettringite and higher amounts of portlandite; the obtained structure was denser and contained more calcium hydrosilicates (C-S-H). Chromium leaching values in cement mortars were found not to exceed the limit values set forth in Directive 2003/33/EC.

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Evaluation of Soya Bean Quality for Tofu Processing by near Infrared Spectroscopy

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1255/jnirs.216 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 6 (A) ◽

pp. A325-A328

Author(s):

T.L. Hong ◽

Samson C.S. Tsou ◽

S.-J. Tsai

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Absorption Rate ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Control Measures ◽

Raw Material ◽

Prolonged Storage ◽

Tannin Content ◽

Water Absorption Rate

Soya bean, as the raw material for tofu processing, is required to be of high quality. The variety characteristics, storage conditions and harvesting seasons of soya bean are the major contributors to soya bean quality. This study attempted to use near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to evaluate the processing quality of soya bean. Evaluation models using NIR spectroscopy were developed for the analyses of tannin content, degrees of lipid oxidation, detection of harvest seasons and measurement of water absorption rate. Simulation experiments demonstrated that these models were not only able to analyse major compositions of soya bean, but also to sort out soya bean samples and their suitability for tofu making regardless of various defects, such as high tannin content, low water absorption rate, prolonged storage and unfavourable harvest seasons. Statistic analysis suggested that these models could be used as mass-screening techniques for breeding programmes and quality control measures in tofu-processing factories.

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