Nonresident Father Involvement: Do Mothers and Fathers See Eye-to-Eye? An Investigation of the Impact of Reporting Discrepancies on Parameter Estimates

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Mizell
Keyword(s):  
Father Involvement ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Nonresident Father ◽  
Reporting Discrepancies ◽  
The Impact

What Nonresident Mothers and Fathers Have to Say About a Mother-Only Coparenting Intervention: A Qualitative Assessment of Understanding DadsTM

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-179
Author(s):  
Jessica Pearson ◽  
Abigail Henson ◽  
Jay Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Father Involvement ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Nonresident Fathers ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Nonresident Parents ◽  
The Impact

Coparenting between mothers and nonresident fathers is a consistent predictor of positive father involvement and is shown to have a direct positive impact on children’s behavioral outcomes. While many fatherhood programs attempt to improve coparenting relationships using father-only interventions, the information on their effectiveness is mixed. Couple interventions may be more effective than father-only approaches but are very hard to achieve with nonresident parents. Engaging mothers may be more practical and beneficial, although there is very little literature on the impact of mother-only interventions on coparenting relationships. The current study begins to address that gap. It presents qualitative reactions by mothers and fathers to a mother-only coparenting intervention and finds that a mother-only approach can achieve some important goals such as improved communication, reduced conflict, and mother’s understanding of the father’s point of view. Fathers whose parenting partners participated in the mother-only group agreed with mothers’ assessments and also reported less undermining.

The Impact of Missing and Error-Prone Auxiliary Information on Sparse-Matrix Sub-Population Parameter Estimates

Methodology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Rutkowski ◽  
Yan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sparse Matrix ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Population Parameter ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Given a consistent interest in comparing achievement across sub-populations in international assessments such as TIMSS, PIRLS, and PISA, it is critical that sub-population achievement is estimated reliably and with sufficient precision. As such, we systematically examine the limitations to current estimation methods used by these programs. Using a simulation study along with empirical results from the 2007 cycle of TIMSS, we show that a combination of missing and misclassified data in the conditioning model induces biases in sub-population achievement estimates, the magnitude and degree to which can be readily explained by data quality. Importantly, estimated biases in sub-population achievement are limited to the conditioning variable with poor-quality data while other sub-population achievement estimates are unaffected. Findings are generally in line with theory on missing and error-prone covariates. The current research adds to a small body of literature that has noted some of the limitations to sub-population estimation.

Examining Nonnormal Latent Variable Distributions for Non-Ignorable Missing Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-177
Author(s):  
Chen-Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Bivariate Normal Distribution ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Missing Responses ◽  
Variable Distribution ◽  
Item Responses ◽  
Nonnormal Distribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Biased Estimates

Missing not at random (MNAR) modeling for non-ignorable missing responses usually assumes that the latent variable distribution is a bivariate normal distribution. Such an assumption is rarely verified and often employed as a standard in practice. Recent studies for “complete” item responses (i.e., no missing data) have shown that ignoring the nonnormal distribution of a unidimensional latent variable, especially skewed or bimodal, can yield biased estimates and misleading conclusion. However, dealing with the bivariate nonnormal latent variable distribution with present MNAR data has not been looked into. This article proposes to extend unidimensional empirical histogram and Davidian curve methods to simultaneously deal with nonnormal latent variable distribution and MNAR data. A simulation study is carried out to demonstrate the consequence of ignoring bivariate nonnormal distribution on parameter estimates, followed by an empirical analysis of “don’t know” item responses. The results presented in this article show that examining the assumption of bivariate nonnormal latent variable distribution should be considered as a routine for MNAR data to minimize the impact of nonnormality on parameter estimates.

Examining the Impact of and Sensitivity of Fit Indices to Omitting Covariates Interaction Effect in Multilevel Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Cause Models

2021 ◽  
pp. 001316442199240
Author(s):  
Chunhua Cao ◽  
Eun Sook Kim ◽  
Yi-Hsin Chen ◽  
John Ferron
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Information Criteria ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Cluster Number ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of omitting covariates interaction effect on parameter estimates in multilevel multiple-indicator multiple-cause models as well as the sensitivity of fit indices to model misspecification when the between-level, within-level, or cross-level interaction effect was left out in the models. The parameter estimates produced in the correct and the misspecified models were compared under varying conditions of cluster number, cluster size, intraclass correlation, and the magnitude of the interaction effect in the population model. Results showed that the two main effects were overestimated by approximately half of the size of the interaction effect, and the between-level factor mean was underestimated. None of comparative fit index, Tucker–Lewis index, root mean square error of approximation, and standardized root mean square residual was sensitive to the omission of the interaction effect. The sensitivity of information criteria varied depending majorly on the magnitude of the omitted interaction, as well as the location of the interaction (i.e., at the between level, within level, or cross level). Implications and recommendations based on the findings were discussed.

How Mothers and Fathers Share Childcare

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 834-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Craig ◽  
Killian Mullan
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
National Study ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

In most families today, childcare remains divided unequally between fathers and mothers. Scholars argue that persistence of the gendered division of childcare is due to multiple causes, including values about gender and family, disparities in paid work, class, and social context. It is likely that all of these factors interact, but to date researchers have not explored such interactions. To address this gap, we analyze nationally representative time-use data from Australia, Denmark, France, and Italy. These countries have different employment patterns, social and family policies, and cultural attitudes toward parenting and gender equality. Using data from matched married couples, we conduct a cross-national study of mothers’ and fathers’ relative time in childcare, divided along dimensions of task (i.e., routine versus non-routine activities) and co-presence (i.e., caring for children together as a couple versus caring solo). Results show that mothers’ and fathers’ work arrangements and education relate modestly to shares of childcare, and this relationship differs across countries. We find cross-national variation in whether more equal shares result from the behavior of mothers, fathers, or both spouses. Results illustrate the relevance of social context in accentuating or minimizing the impact of individual- and household-level characteristics.

Applicability of an extant batch respirometric assay in describing dynamics of ammonia and nitrite oxidation in a nitrifying bioreactor

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chandran ◽  
Z. Hu ◽  
B.F. Smets
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameter ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Continuous Reactor ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Estimation Techniques ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Best Fit

Several techniques have been proposed for biokinetic estimation of nitrification. Recently, an extant respirometric assay has been presented that yields kinetic parameters for both nitrification steps with minimal physiological change to the microorganisms during the assay. Herein, the ability of biokinetic parameter estimates from the extant respirometric assay to adequately describe concurrently obtained NH4+-N and NO2−-N substrate depletion profiles is evaluated. Based on our results, in general, the substrate depletion profiles resulted in a higher estimate of the maximum specific growth rate coefficient, μmax for both NH4+-N to NO2−-N oxidation and NO2−-N to NO3−-N oxidation compared to estimates from the extant respirograms. The trends in the kinetic parameter estimates from the different biokinetic estimation techniques are paralleled in the nature of substrate depletion profiles obtained from best-fit parameters. Based on a visual inspection, in general, best-fit parameters from optimally designed complete respirograms provided a better description of the substrate depletion profiles than estimates from isolated respirograms. Nevertheless, the sum of the squared errors for the best-fit respirometry based parameters was outside the 95% joint confidence interval computed for the best-fit substrate depletion based parameters. Notwithstanding the difference in kinetic parameter estimates determined in this study, the different biokinetic estimation techniques still are close to estimates reported in literature. Additional parameter identifiability and sensitivity analysis of parameters from substrate depletion assays revealed high precision of parameters and high parameter correlation. Although biokinetic estimation via automated extant respirometry is far more facile than via manual substrate depletion measurements, additional sensitivity analyses are needed to test the impact of differences in the resulting parameter values on continuous reactor performance.

scholarly journals Medical and social characteristics of families and psychological characteristics of mothers of children born with a body weight of less than 1500 g

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
E. A. Matveeva ◽  
A. I. Malyshkina ◽  
O. M. Filkina ◽  
O. Yu. Kocherova ◽  
N. V. Dolotova
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Premature Baby ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
The Impact

In order to study the medical and social characteristics of families, an analysis of the biological and social history of mothers and fathers of children born with a body weight less than 1500 was carried out. To identify the psychological characteristics, mothers were tested.It has been established that the social characteristics of the families of children born with a body weight of less than 1500 g was favorable – most families were two-parent, had satisfactory living conditions, mothers and fathers of these children were working and had education not lower than secondary special. The majority of fathers (80%) considered themselves healthy, the state of health of mothers was characterized by a high frequency of somatic pathology, only 27% of women were healthy. The majority of fathers and mothers noted the impact of occupational hazards, while the mothers’ adverse factors were mainly associated with intellectual activity, and the fathers – with physical labor. Half of mothers and 70% of fathers belonged to the age group of 30 years and older. Despite the favorable characteristics of reproductive behavior at the stage of pregravid preparation and in the first trimester of pregnancy, mothers who gave birth to children weighing less than 1500 g were characterized by an unfavorable obstetric gynecological history and a high incidence of gynecological pathology. Psychological features of mothers consisted in a high frequency of accentuation of hyperthymic character traits, a desire to emphasize determination and masculinity, anxiety, impulsivity, which may indicate a compensatory reaction to a stressful situation – the birth of a premature baby. This is also indicated by the high frequency of psychosomatic (45.9%) and authoritarian (29.5%) types of attitude to the problems of the child. In this regard, only 62.2% of mothers established optimal emotional contact with the child by the end of the neonatal period. The revealed psychological characteristics of mothers require early psychological and psychotherapeutic correction to successfully overcome the stress of giving birth to a premature baby and consolidate all the efforts of a woman for habilitation.

scholarly journals Reassessing the evidence for universal school-age BCG vaccination in England and Wales: re-evaluating and updating a modelling study

BMJ Open ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e031573
Author(s):  
Sam Abbott ◽  
Hannah Christensen ◽  
Ellen Brooks-Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Parameter Uncertainty ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
School Age ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Methodological Flaw ◽  
Notification Data ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesIn 2005, England and Wales switched from universal BCG vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) disease for school-age children to targeted vaccination of neonates. We aimed to recreate and re-evaluate a previously published model, the results of which informed this policy change.DesignWe recreated an approach for estimating the impact of ending the BCG schools scheme, correcting a methodological flaw in the model, updating the model with parameter uncertainty and improving parameter estimates where possible. We investigated scenarios for the assumed annual decrease in TB incidence rates considered by the UK’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation and explored alternative scenarios using notification data.SettingEngland and Wales.Outcome measuresThe number of vaccines needed to prevent a single notification and the average annual additional notifications caused by ending the policy change.ResultsThe previously published model was found to contain a methodological flaw and to be spuriously precise. It greatly underestimated the impact of ending school-age vaccination compared with our updated, corrected model. The updated model produced predictions with wide CIs when parameter uncertainty was included. Model estimates based on an assumption of an annual decrease in TB incidence rates of 1.9% were closest to those estimated using notification data. Using this assumption, we estimate that 1600 (2.5; 97.5% quantiles: 1300, 2000) vaccines would have been required to prevent a single notification in 2004.ConclusionsThe impact of ending the BCG schools scheme was found to be greater than previously thought when notification data were used. Our results highlight the importance of independent evaluations of modelling evidence, including uncertainty, and evaluating multiple scenarios when forecasting the impact of changes in vaccination policy.

scholarly journals Mothers and fathers in NICU: The impact of preterm birth on parental distress

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Ionio ◽  
Caterina Colombo ◽  
Valeria Brazzoduro ◽  
Eleonora Mascheroni ◽  
Emanuela Confalonieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
The Impact

Preterm birth is a stressful event for families. In particular, the unexpectedly early delivery may cause negative feelings in mothers and fathers. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between preterm birth, parental stress and negative feelings, and the environmental setting of NICU. 21 mothers (age = 36.00 ± 6.85) and 19 fathers (age = 34.92 ± 4.58) of preterm infants (GA = 30.96 ± 2.97) and 20 mothers (age = 40.08 ± 4.76) and 20 fathers (age = 40.32 ± 6.77) of full-term infants (GA = 39.19 ± 1.42) were involved. All parents filled out the Parental Stressor Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, the Impact of Event Scale Revised, Profile of Mood States, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Post-Partum Bonding Questionnaire. Our data showed differences in emotional reactions between preterm and full-term parents. Results also revealed significant differences between mothers and fathers’ responses to preterm birth in terms of stress, negative feelings, and perceptions of social support. A correlation between negative conditions at birth (e.g., birth weight and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit stay) and higher scores in some scales of Impact of Event Scale Revised, Profile of Mood States and Post-Partum Bonding Questionnaire were found. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit may be a stressful place both for mothers and fathers. It might be useful to plan, as soon as possible, interventions to help parents through the experience of the premature birth of their child and to begin an immediately adaptive mode of care.

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