scholarly journals Capacity for heat absorption by the wings of the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaijian Liao ◽  
Ting Du ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xiyu Huai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Heat Absorption ◽  
Optimal Angle ◽  
Wing Base ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
High Intensity Light

Butterflies can directly absorb heat from the sun via their wings to facilitate autonomous flight. However, how is the heat absorbed by the butterfly from sunlight stored and transmitted in the wing? The scientifc question remains unclear. Thus, in this study, we measured the thoracic temperature in the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer) at different light intensities and wing opening angles, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with only one right fore wing or one right hind wing, the spectral reflectance of the wing surfaces, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with the scales removed or not in light or dark areas, and the real-time changes in heat absorption by the wing surfaces with temperature. High intensity light (600–60000 lx) allowed the butterflies to absorb more heat and 60−90° was the optimal angle for heat absorption. The heat absorption capacity was stronger in the fore wings than the hind wings. Dark areas on the wing surfaces were heat absorption areas. The dark areas in the mid-posterior near the wing base of wing cells A-Cu3 and Cu2-Cu3 on the fore wing, and wing cells 1A-Cu2, Cu1-Cu2, M3-Cu1, and R2-M1 on the hind wing were heat storage areas. Heat was transferred from the heat storage areas to the wing base through veins Cu2, Cu3, Cu, and A in the fore wing, and veins 1A, Cu2, Cu1, Cu, M1, M3, M, R2, and R in the hind wing.

scholarly journals Capacity for heat absorption by the wings of the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6648
Author(s):  
Huaijian Liao ◽  
Ting Du ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xiyu Huai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Heat Absorption ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Optimal Angle ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Time Changes

Butterflies can directly absorb heat from the sun via their wings to facilitate autonomous flight. However, how is the heat absorbed by the butterfly from sunlight stored and transmitted in the wing? The answer to this scientific question remains unclear. The butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer) is a typical heat absorption insect, and its wing surface color is only composed of light and dark colors. Thus, in this study, we measured a number of wing traits relevant for heat absorption including the thoracic temperature at different light intensities and wing opening angles, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with only one right fore wing or one right hind wing; In addition, the spectral reflectance of the wing surfaces, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with the scales removed or present in light or dark areas, and the real-time changes in heat absorption by the wing surfaces with temperature were also measured. We found that high intensity light (600–60,000 lx) allowed the butterflies to absorb more heat and 60−90° was the optimal angle for heat absorption. The heat absorption capacity was stronger in the fore wings than the hind wings. Dark areas on the wing surfaces were heat absorption areas. The dark areas in the lower region of the fore wing surface and the inside region of the hind wing surface were heat storage areas. Heat was transferred from the heat storage areas to the wing base through the veins near the heat storage areas of the fore and hind wings.

scholarly journals Capacity for heat absorption by the wings of the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaijian Liao ◽  
Ting Du ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xiyu Huai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Heat Absorption ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
Time Changes

Butterflies can directly absorb heat from the sun via their wings to facilitate autonomous flight. However, how is the heat absorbed by the butterfly from sunlight stored and transmitted in the wing? The answer to this scientific question remains unclear. The butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer) is a typical heat absorption insect, and its wing surface color is only composed of light and dark color. Thus, in this study, we measured a number of wing traits relevant for heat absorption including the thoracic temperature at different light intensities and wing opening angles, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with only one right fore wing or one right hind wing, the spectral reflectance of the wing surfaces, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with the scales removed or not in light or dark areas, and the real-time changes in heat absorption by the wing surfaces with temperature. High intensity light (600–60000 lx) allowed the butterflies to absorb more heat and 60−90° was the optimal angle for heat absorption. The heat absorption capacity was stronger in the fore wings than the hind wings. Dark areas on the wing surfaces were heat absorption areas. The dark areas in the lower region of the fore wing surface and the inside region of the hind wing surface were heat storage areas. Heat was transferred from the heat storage areas to the wing base through the veins near the heat storage areas of the fore and hind wings.

scholarly journals Capacity for heat absorption by the wings of the butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaijian Liao ◽  
Ting Du ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Xiyu Huai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Heat Absorption ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
Time Changes

Butterflies can directly absorb heat from the sun via their wings to facilitate autonomous flight. However, how is the heat absorbed by the butterfly from sunlight stored and transmitted in the wing? The answer to this scientific question remains unclear. The butterfly Tirumala limniace (Cramer) is a typical heat absorption insect, and its wing surface color is only composed of light and dark color. Thus, in this study, we measured a number of wing traits relevant for heat absorption including the thoracic temperature at different light intensities and wing opening angles, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with only one right fore wing or one right hind wing, the spectral reflectance of the wing surfaces, the thoracic temperature of butterflies with the scales removed or not in light or dark areas, and the real-time changes in heat absorption by the wing surfaces with temperature. High intensity light (600–60000 lx) allowed the butterflies to absorb more heat and 60−90° was the optimal angle for heat absorption. The heat absorption capacity was stronger in the fore wings than the hind wings. Dark areas on the wing surfaces were heat absorption areas. The dark areas in the lower region of the fore wing surface and the inside region of the hind wing surface were heat storage areas. Heat was transferred from the heat storage areas to the wing base through the veins near the heat storage areas of the fore and hind wings.

New Species of Polygrammodes and a Related New Genus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Munroe
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fore Wing ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Black Dot ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Wing Base ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
In Cells

Body above pale yellow, abdomen with faint brown mid-dorsal and dorso-lateral spots; a vinous stripe in front of wing-base; body beneath and legs whitish buff. Wings above yellow, paler distally on fore wing and costally on hind wing. Fore wing with faint indications of an arcuate, blackish-fuscous, broken antemedial band; orbicular represented bv a black dot in cell; reniform obsolete; postmedial line strongly zig-zagged, inierrupted at veins, preceded by black dashes in cells M2, to Cu2; a subterminal row of brownish-fuscous spots between veins; fringe yellow; hind wing with interrupted, zig-zagged postmedial line, preceded by black dashes, as on fore wing; subterminal spots stronger than on fore wing; fringe yellow. Wings beneath whitish buff; costa of fore wing weakly infuscated; a fuscous dot-like orbicular and lunate reniform; no other markings. Expanse 67 mm.

EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF CHALCIDOIDEA, MYMARIDAE, AND MYMAROMMATIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: TEREBRANTES)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Character State ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Lateral Edge ◽  
The Family ◽  
State Evolution ◽  
Internal Character ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractTwenty-three characters or character systems of adults and larvae of Terebrantes are analyzed for evidence of monophyly and phyletic relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae. The taxa are considered to be a monophyletic group based on 3 hypothesized synapomorphies: mesotrochanteral depressor without fu2-tr2 or mesoscutal portion of t2-tr2; axillar phragma as site of origin for all or part of t,-tr2 muscle; and independent basal ring absent from male genitalia. The family Mymaridae is considered to be monophyletic based on at least 3 apomorphies: fore wing with hypochaeta; head with frontal, median, and supraorbital sulci; and toruli distinctly closer to inner margin of eye than to each other. Chalcidoidea, including Mymaridae, is considered to be a monophyletic taxon based on 3 apomorphies: prepectus externally visible, at least dorsally adjacent to lateral edge of mesoscutum; mesothoracic spiracle positioned at exposed lateral edge of mesoscutum; and multiporous plate sensilla of antenna with unique structure, as described in text. Mymarommatidae is considered to be the monophyletic sister group of Chalcidoidea based on several apomorphies, including 4 autapomorphies: head composed of frontal and occipital sclerites, which are connected by pleated membrane along hyperoccipital region; hind wing stalk-like, without membrane and terminated in bifurcation that clasps fore wing; fore wing with reticulate pattern formed by raised lineations of membrane; and axillar portion of t2-tr2 muscle absent. Phyletic relationship of Serphitidae with Mymarommatidae is deemed inconclusive because relevant internal character states of amber fossil serphitids cannot be determined. It is suggested that mymarommatids be accorded family status, but not be assigned to superfamily until phyletic relationships are more accurately determined in Terebrantes. A matrix summarizes character-state distribution of most characters analyzed for Terebrantes, and a cladogram illustrates hypotheses of character-state evolution and proposed relationships.

scholarly journals Morphological characterization and wing description of Vespa orientalis orientalis queens

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
Hossam Abou-Shaara
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Vespa Orientalis ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Bee Colonies ◽  
Tibia Length

Oriental hornets, Vespa orientalis, are dangerous enemy to bee colonies in some countries of the world. There are more than one subspecies of V. orientalis. Few studies have investigated the morphological characteristics of these subspecies. Morphological characterization can help in confirming and discriminating between the subspecies, and to follow any changes in their morphology over time. In this study, some body characteristics of V. orientalis orientalis queens from Egypt were measured including head width, fore wing length and width, hind wing length and width, femur length, tibia length and approximate stinger length. Also, fore wing characteristics using wing coordinates for 20 landmarks were studied. Computer based techniques were applied to take these measurements. The data of the current study can be utilized for comparisons with other subspecies.

Design of bionic foldable wing mimicking the hind wings of the C. buqueti bamboo weevil

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Ce Guo ◽  
Yaopeng Ma ◽  
Yu Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Hind Wing ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Flexible Coupling ◽  
Wing Base ◽  
Coupling Dynamics ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics ◽  
Cyrtotrachelus Buqueti ◽  
Wing Folding

Abstract The bamboo weevil, Cyrtotrachelus buqueti, has excellent flight ability and strong environmental adaptability. When it flies, its fore wings and hind wings are unfolded, whereas when it crawls, its fore wings are closed, and its flexible hind wings are regularly folded under the fore wings. In this paper, the hind wing folding/unfolding pattern of C. buqueti is analyzed and a new bionic foldable wing with rigid–flexible coupling consisting of a link mechanism and a wing membrane is constructed. The movement of the link at the wing base mimics the contraction of a muscle in the thorax that triggers scissor-like motion and the deployment of the veins. Elastic hinges are used to mimic the rotational motion of the wing base and the vein joints. The static/dynamic characteristics of bionic foldable wings are further analyzed, and the LS-DYNA software is used to investigate rigid–flexible coupling dynamics. The elastic deformation of the wing membrane, kinematic characteristics of the linkage mechanism, and modes of the whole system are calculated. Static analysis of the structure reveals that the foldable wing has excellent stiffness characteristics and load-bearing capacity. The bionic foldable wing is constructed using 3D printing technology, and its folding and unfolding performance is tested. Evaluation of its performance shows that the bionic wing has a large fold ratio and can achieve stable folding and unfolding motions. A slightly tighter assembly between the pin and the hinge hole ensures that the wing does not fold back during flapping.

Redefinition of genus Tarasco Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) and description of two new Brazilian species

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 411 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Barbalho ◽  
Denise Scatolini ◽  
Angélica M. Penteado-Dias
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fore Wing ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Brazilian Species ◽  
Two New Species

A redefinition of the genus Tarasco Marsh is provided along with description of two new species found in Brazil (T. granulata Barbalho and Penteado-Dias, new species and T. costata Barbalho and Scatolini, new species). This redefinition of the genus considers variation in characters in wing venation, such as the presence of vein r-m in the fore wing and vein 1-SC+R being complete and tubular in the hind wing.

Two new species of the genus Pristaulacus (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea, Aulacidae) from Japan

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4551 (4) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
KAZUHIKO KONISHI ◽  
RIKIO MATSUMOTO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fore Wing ◽  
Anterior Margin ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Lateral View ◽  
Two New Species

Two new species of the genus Pristaulacus, P. ohishii sp. nov. and P. uenoi sp. nov. are described from Japan. The former species belongs to the comptipennis species group in having the strongly concaved occipital margin, and is peculiar in the species group in having the combination of the interrupted occipital carina and a broadly rounded and shallow occipital medial groove. The latter species resembles P. ryukyuensis in having the occipital carina not interrupted, the anterior margin of mesoscutum in lateral view acute and veins M+Cu, r-m and Cu of hind wing not pigmented, but they can be easily distinguished by the coloration of mesosoma and the dark spots of fore wing. 

Two new species of the genus Criotettix Bolivar (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Scelimenidae) from Zhejiang, China

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4975 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
ZIYANG ZHANG ◽  
ZHIXING LIU ◽  
HONG YIN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fore Wing ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Hind Femur ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Two New Species

Two new species of the genus are described from Zhejiang, China in this paper. The new species Criotettix jinningensis sp. nov. is similar to Criotettix strivertexoides Zheng, Wei & Li, 2009, but differs in width of vertex narrower than diameter of eye; pronotum shorter, not reaching the end of hind tibiae; width of fore wing 1.3 times width of mid leg femur and hind wing not reaching the end of pronotum. The new species Criotettix pananensis sp. nov. is similar to Criotettix transpi-noides Zheng, Bai & Xu, 2012, it differs from latter by width of vertex narrower than diameter of eye; pronotum with parallel lateral keels and without a pair short longitudinal keels between shoulders; hind femur without projection in upper keel and hind wing extending over the end of pronotum. The type specimens are deposited in the College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China. 

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