CLIMATIC SUITABILITY OF SAN JOAQUIN KIT FOX (VULPES MACROTIS MUTICA) DENS FOR SARCOPTIC MANGE (SARCOPTES SCABIEI) TRANSMISSION

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Ariel Irene Loredo ◽  
Jamie Leann Rudd ◽  
Janet Elizabeth Foley ◽  
Deana Louise Clifford ◽  
Brian Leslie Cypher
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Sarcoptic Mange ◽  
Climatic Suitability ◽  
Kit Fox ◽  
San Joaquin Kit Fox ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime L. Rudd ◽  
Deana L. Clifford ◽  
Brian L. Cypher ◽  
Joshua M. Hull ◽  
A. Jane Riner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Sarcoptic Mange ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Kit Fox ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

Abstract Background: In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes ( Vulpes macrotis mutica ) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ), coyotes ( Canis latrans ), and red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species.Methods: We used 10 Sarcoptes microsatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445 S. scabiei mites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities.Results: We identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall F ST of 0.467. The lowest F ST (i.e. closest genetic relationship, F ST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (F ST = 0.843).Conclusion: These results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. The Sarcoptes host specificity suggests that, although an inter-species spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily intraspecific. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime L. Rudd ◽  
Deana L. Clifford ◽  
Brian L. Cypher ◽  
Joshua M. Hull ◽  
A. Jane Riner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Sarcoptic Mange ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Kit Fox ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

Abstract Background: In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species.Methods: We used 10 Sarcoptes microsatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445 S. scabiei mites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities.Results: We identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall FST of 0.467. The lowest FST (i.e. closest genetic relationship, FST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (FST = 0.843).Conclusion: These results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. Although a spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily kit fox-to-kit fox. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime L. Rudd ◽  
Deana L. Clifford ◽  
Brian L. Cypher ◽  
Joshua M. Hull ◽  
A. Jane Riner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Sarcoptic Mange ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Kit Fox ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

Abstract Background: In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species. Methods: We used 10 Sarcoptes microsatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445 S. scabiei mites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities. Results: We identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall FST of 0.467. The lowest FST (i.e. closest genetic relationship, FST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (FST = 0.843). Conclusions: These results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. Although a spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily kit fox-to-kit fox. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime L. Rudd ◽  
Deana L. Clifford ◽  
Brian L. Cypher ◽  
Joshua M. Hull ◽  
A. Jane Riner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Sarcoptic Mange ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Kit Fox ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

Abstract Background In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species. Methods We used 10 Sarcoptes microsatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445 S. scabiei mites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities. Results We identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall FST of 0.467. The lowest FST (i.e. closest genetic relationship, FST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (FST = 0.843). Conclusions These results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. Although a spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily kit fox-to-kit fox. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city.

A reliable, non-invasive method for sex determination in the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and other canids

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Ortega ◽  
Mar�a Del Rosario Franco ◽  
Brice A. Adams ◽  
Katherine Ralls ◽  
Jesus E. Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Kit Fox ◽  
San Joaquin Kit Fox ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

A reliable, non-invasive method for sex determination in the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and other canids

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Ortega ◽  
María Del Rosario Franco ◽  
Brice A. Adams ◽  
Katherine Ralls ◽  
Jesus E. Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Kit Fox ◽  
San Joaquin Kit Fox ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

scholarly journals Aggressive Behaviour Exhibited by a San Joaquin Kit Fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica

2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Howard O. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Kit Fox ◽  
San Joaquin Kit Fox ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis ◽  
Vulpes Macrotis Mutica ◽  
Trapping Device

While placing a hairtube-trapping device near a Kit Fox natal den, I observed a juvenile Kit Fox exhibit aggressive behaviour towards my presence. Although Kit Foxes usually are not aggressive, my observation demonstrated that some Kit Foxes defend their natal dens when alarmed.

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