The Role of Iran and America's Middle East Policy  in Peace Process of Middle East 2001-2016

Abstract: Peace Agreement Phenomena and Diplomatic Ties between Middle East Countries in Implementing Peace Process Regarding to Israeli-Palestinian Conflict after Palestine’s Independence. The full membership of Palestine in United Nations becomes a starting point of international recognition of Palestine’s Statehood. .Palestine has perceived its independence as “second round of independence” since its independence has been declared in 1988. Despite of Israeli’s settlement in West Bank and Jerusalem, Peace Process Agreement has been continuing. Middle East countries’ contribution has been so significant in terms of facilitating the agreement process. The recognition of Palestine’s statehood is hoped to put pressure on Israel to continue the talk on the agreement process and eventually stop the se settlement. At the end, the “two state solution” can be implemented.Key Words: Israeli-Palestinian Peace Agreement, the Role of Middle East, Two State Solutions Abstrak: Fakta Perjanjian Damai dan Hubungan Diplomatik Negara Timur Dalam Proses Perdamaian Konflik Israel-Palestina Pasca Kemerdekaan Palestina. Peningkatan status Palestina menjadi anggota penuh PBB menjadi titik penentu adanya dukungan internasional akan pengakuan Palestina sebagai negara berdaulat. Rakyat Palestina memaknai sebagai kemerdekaan Palestina jilid 2, karena kemerdekaannya telah dideklarasikan pada tahun 1988. Perundingan damai masih terus diupayakan oleh kedua belah pihak di tengah kemelut pembangunan pemukiman Yahudi di Tepi Barat dan Yerusalem. Peran negara Timur Tengah sangat besar dalam memfasilitasi proses perundingan. Harapan dari peningkatan status ini dapat menekan Israel agar melanjutkan perundingan dan menghentikan pembangunan pemukiman. Sehingga akhirnya dapat mewujudkan “two-states solution” (dua negara Palestina-Israel secara berdampingan). Kata Kunci : Perundingan damai Israel-Palestina, Peran Timur Tengah, Two States Solutions DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i1.2243

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Conflict Management in the Middle East

International Relations ◽

10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0253 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Faten Ghosn

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Conflict Management ◽

Peace Process ◽

Singular Stress ◽

Dominant Strategies ◽

Different Types ◽

Arab Israeli Conflict ◽

And Gender

Although the Middle East is a dynamic region that has witnessed countless endeavors dealing with managing, resolving, and preventing conflicts from even emerging, most of the mainstream academic and policy focus has been on the Arab-Israeli peace process, in general, and the strategies of negotiation and mediation, in particular. This article goes beyond the dominant strategies of conflict management and the singular stress on the Arab-Israeli conflict by focusing on the different types of mechanisms available for actors in dealing with their conflict, including track-two diplomacy, the role of culture and gender in conflict management, and, last but not least, the emerging interest in the nuclear negotiations with Iran.

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The Establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Palestine, Cyprus, and Transjordan (1929): Cause or Effect of Changes in Vatican Middle East Policy?

Church History ◽

10.1017/s0009640718001609 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 797-822

Author(s):

Paolo Zanini

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Turning Point ◽

British Mandate ◽

Near Eastern ◽

Holy See ◽

Political Situation ◽

Cause And Effect ◽

Middle East Policy ◽

Important Shift

This essay brings to light how the establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Palestine, Cyprus, and Transjordan (1929) marked a turning point in the Catholic presence in Palestine during the period of the British Mandate. Based on several unexplored archival sources, this paper analyzes the factors driving the creation of the new Apostolic Delegation and the consequences it produced in the Holy See's Middle and Near Eastern policies. The difficult relationship among various Catholic institutions in Palestine and the necessity to adapt the Catholic presence in that region to the new political situation caused the Vatican to send an apostolic visitor (1925) and then to establish direct representation of the Holy See in Jerusalem (1929). This last decision contributed to sounder relations with the British administration and functioned to limit the involvement of European Catholic powers (primarily France and Italy) in church affairs. At the same time, it highlighted the Vatican's will to reinforce the role of the Christian Arab clergy in Palestine while limiting that of European missionaries. This analysis creates a clearer picture of how the establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Palestine, Cyprus, and Transjordan was at the same time the cause and effect of an important shift in the Catholic perception of Palestine.

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D1. President Barack Obama, Address to the State Department Reframing U.S. Middle East Policy, Excerpts on the Peace Process and the Palestinian Statehood Bid, Washington, 19 May 2011

Journal of Palestine Studies ◽

10.1525/jps.2011.xli.1.212 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 212-214

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Peace Process ◽

State Department ◽

Barack Obama ◽

The State ◽

Middle East Policy

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Franççois Mitterrand and the Palestinians: 1956––95

Journal of Palestine Studies ◽

10.1525/jps.2009.38.2.24 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 24-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jean-Pierre Filiu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Middle East ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Peace Process ◽

The United States ◽

Considerable Cost ◽

Full Control ◽

Middle East Policy

Franççois Mitterrand, the longest-serving French president in history, never ceased to be a passionate advocate of Israel, in contrast to his Gaullist predecessors. But he was also the most committed to Palestinian statehood, and among the earliest to insist on the PLO's full engagement in the peace process, often at considerable cost to his ties with Israel. By the time Mitterrand left office in 1995, France's Middle Eastern role had greatly declined, with the United States having assumed full control of the peace process; during the 1980s, however, its contributions had been significant. This article examines Mitterrand's fourteen-year presidency and the paradoxes of his Middle East policy.

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