Studies in support of the regulation of dispersant use in the Kazakhstan Sector of the Caspian Sea (KSCS)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zh. A. Kulekeyev ◽  
G.Kh. Nurtayeva ◽  
E.S. Mustafin ◽  
A. M. Pudov ◽  
Gani Zharikessov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
State University ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil Spill Dispersants ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACT The use of oil spill dispersants is often regulated by national authorities to ensure that products approved for use as dispersants on spilled oil in national waters are of reasonable effectiveness and of low inherent toxicity. KING (Kazakh Institute of Oil & Gas) undertook a study to assess the use of oil spill dispersants on spilled oils in the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea (KSCS) to support decision-making for such regulations in the RoK (Republic of Kazakhstan). The KSCS has some characteristics that are unlike open ocean conditions in other parts of the world; the salinity is much lower than in the open sea. The shallow waters of the northern Caspian Sea have very low salinity (9 psu (practical salinity units) or less) due to the inflow of freshwater from the River Volga, and are frozen in winter. The deeper water in the southern part of the KSCS has a salinity of up to 14 psu. The effectiveness of oil spill dispersants is known to be affected by water salinity. Different countries around the world have developed different test methods to assess dispersant effectiveness. The project examined the options and decided to modify the WSL (Warren Spring Laboratory) LR 448 dispersant effectiveness test method, as used in the UK. The method was adapted by KING and testing was conducted by Karaganda State University (KSU) to test a variety of dispersants under Caspian Sea conditions. Dispersant effectiveness testing should be conducted with a test oil that is representative of oils that might be spilled in the area being considered. Kashagan crude oil was distilled to 200°C to simulate the evaporative loss that would occur shortly after the oil was spilled at sea and the residue used as the test oil in the dispersant effectiveness testing. Several commercially-available dispersants were tested using the modified LR 448 method with the 200°C+ Kashagan test oil under a variety of conditions with salinities ranging from 0 psu to 35 psu and at temperatures of 5°C and 25°C. The results indicate that some internationally recognized dispersants could be suitable for use in the KSCS.

A comparison of standard test methods for determining the laboratory effectiveness of oil spill dispersants: their benefits and drawbacks

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
K. Osipov ◽  
T. V. Mokochunina ◽  
D. I. Panyukova ◽  
M. V. Trukhina ◽  
T. A. Maryutina
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
Standard Test Method ◽  
Oil Spill Dispersants ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness ◽  
Correct Understanding

A comparison of two standard test methods for determining the laboratory effectiveness of oil spill dispersants — ASTM F2059-17 «Standard Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Swirling Flask» and ASTM F3251-17 «Standard Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Baffled Flask» — is presented in this article. It is underlined that ASTM F2059-17 and ASTM F3251-17 are almost identical from the methodological and technical points of view. The main differences lie in specific design features of the applied test vessels and mixing energies created inside them. It is reasonably established that ASTM F2059-17 can be defined as a low-energy, but ASTM F3251-17 — as a high-energy laboratory test method. The specific examples of application of the test methods for determining the effectiveness of commercially available dispersants are given. It is also concluded that both test methods are necessary to apply for a correct understanding of the dispersant effectiveness. Herewith, the results obtained according to ASTM F2059-17 should be conditionally considered as the lower limit and those according to ASTM F3251-17 — the upper limit of effectiveness of the dispersant. Moreover, the use of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) is emphasized to be sometimes impossible as a recommended in both ASTM F2059-17 and ASTM F3251-17 method for analyzing the oil extracts obtained during the test. The UV spectrophotometry is proposed instead of GC-FID as an alternative. However, its application is possible only after mandatory optimization of the measurement parameters for each specific oil.

A Review of Research and Practice on the Application of Chemical Dispersant in Oil Spills

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
Guo Dong Qian ◽  
Ming Li
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Chemical Dispersion ◽  
Chemical Dispersant ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness

Chemical dispersant has been widely used in oil spill response around the world as an effective method. The study reviews the mechanism of chemical dispersion, the factors influenced dispersant effectiveness, the test methods of dispersant effectiveness, and applications in oil spills around the world. Then some questions on the research for chemical dispersants used during oil spills in China were discussed.

Gas Pipeline “Nabucco”: Project of Construction

2010 ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
I. Pashkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Energy Policies ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
World Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Power Centers ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Development Perspective

The Caspian Sea region is a place of competing energy interests and a focus of the world power centers' energy policies. In June 2006 in Wien, the Energy Ministers of Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and the European Commissioner for Energy agreed in principle to set up the project of the Transcaspian gas pipeline "Nabucco" construction. This article presents the analysis of the project development perspective, and the stance on it of different parties concerned.

The Politics of Natural Resources in the Caspian Sea

2018 ◽  
pp. 223-254
Author(s):  
Abbas Maleki
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Regional Politics ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Full Transformation ◽  
Local Pollution ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainability Challenges

This chapter examines the politics of the natural resources of the Caspian Sea as littoral states vie for dominance on energy resources and its routes to the world markets against a background of climate change, region-wide sustainability challenges, and local pollution. The Caspian is in full transformation and solving these problems will require a shift in regional politics towards environmental cooperation and political integration. However, the inherent challenges of such a new approach are compounded by the landlocked position of Caspian countries, uncertainty among littoral states as to each other’s intentions and a decaying infrastructure, last updated in the Soviet era.

scholarly journals Oil spill detection in the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea with the help of ENVISAT ASAR data

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Holstein ◽  
Martin Kappas ◽  
Pavel Propastin ◽  
Tsolmon Renchin
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil Spill Detection ◽  
Envisat Asar

scholarly journals Contribution of the researchers of the Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology of Saint-Petersburg State University to the conservation of the Caspian sturgeon population

2019 ◽  
Vol 323 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-505
Author(s):  
R.P. Khodorevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Caspian Basin ◽  
State University ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Current State ◽  
Artificial Breeding

The paper deals with the main historical moments of the Caspian sturgeon population dynamics and the formation of their stocks. The participation of researchers of the Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology of Saint-Petersburg State University in creating the concept of sturgeon conservation in the Caspian Sea and the specialized institute of sturgeon farming in Astrakhan was highly appreciated. The materials on the contribution of the Department’s researchers to the study of the physiological state of sturgeon producers, improving their quality, survival and safety in the conditions of artificial breeding of these species are presented. The data on the reduction of the sturgeon abundance reared and released into the Caspian Sea by the Caspian littoral states are presented. A description of the current state of the sturgeon of the Caspian basin is given. The data on changes in stocks, the structure of the spawning part of the population and reproduction of the beluga, Russian sturgeon and stellate sturgeon in the Volga-Caspian basin under the conditions of the prohibition of their commercial fishing are analyzed. It was shown that during the years of the ban, the abundance and stocks of sturgeon and biological indicators of breeding migrants to spawn in the Volga continued to decrease and the proportion of females among them, which is associated with the illegal catch of sturgeon, comparable in scale to the commercial fishery before the ban was introduced. Reduced natural (up to its complete cessation in the Beluga) and artificial reproduction of sturgeons are stated. Only observing the moratorium on sturgeon fishing in all the Caspian littoral states, strengthening the protection of fish at feeding grounds and spawning migrations can preserve and restore their unique Caspian populations.

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