scholarly journals The Hypocrisy of Dutch Actions in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-23
Author(s):  
Julie A. Keil
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
World War ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
International Action ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Order ◽  
The Military

At the end of World War 2 the Netherlands, through its own military tribunals, tried and convicted several members of the Japanese and German militaries for their participation in the war crime of extra judicial executions in Indonesia and the Netherlands.  Several of the convicted men were executed by the Netherlands while others sentenced to lengthy prison terms.  From 1946-1949 the Netherlands, primarily through commando Raymond Westerling, engaged in the same actions they accused the Japanese of having committed.  While no specific order was ever revealed showing that Westerling’s actions were ordered by the military, the Netherlands tacitly approved his actions by failing to control him and his men and by their unwillingness to take responsibility for his actions before or after the Netherlands withdrew its forces from Indonesia in 1949.  This research paper explores the extrajudicial executions conducted by Westerling, his men, other Dutch military and the Dutch government in order to provide a better and more thorough understanding of these events and the lack of national or international action against war crimes committed after World War 2.  It concludes that the Netherlands has failed to try or even accuse Westerling and others of war crimes or take actions to discipline them, and in fact has covered up his actions and failed to make public those war crimes.  Further that the reason for this continued hypocritical refusal is a concern for the reputation of the Netherlands in the world and a belief that high levels of government would be found complicit.

he designs of the Russian war memorials from the World War I in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia: Ideas, symbols, realization

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-227
Author(s):  
Milana Živanović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
War Memorials ◽  
The World ◽  
The Will ◽  
Kingdom Of Yugoslavia ◽  
The Military

The paper deals with the actions undertaken by the Russian emigration aimed to commemorate the Russian soldiers who have been killed or died during the World War I in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The focus is on the erection of the memorials dedicated to the Russian soldiers. During the World War I the Russian soldiers and war prisoners were buried on the military plots in the local cemeteries or on the locations of their death. However, over the years the conditions of their graves have declined. That fact along with the will to honorably mark the locations of their burial places have become a catalyst for the actions undertaken by the Russian émigré, which have begun to arrive in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of SCS) starting from the 1919. Almost at once after their arrival to the Kingdom of SCS, the Russian refugees conducted the actions aimed at improving the conditions of the graves were in and at erecting memorials. Russian architects designed the monuments. As a result, several monuments were erected in the country, including one in the capital.

scholarly journals The Neutrality of the Netherlands during the World War

1929 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
William J. Conlen ◽  
Amry Vandenbosch
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
World War ◽  
The World

100 Years Ago: A Bibliographical Calendar of Diplomacy and International Law: In the Years 1914 and 1915

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Schwietzke ◽  
Peter Macalister-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

This Bibliographical Calendar focuses on a general armed conflict within Europe that spread to most parts of the world. It started during the second decade of the twentieth century. In this context the present Calendar offers an overview of the chronology leading up to the First World War. It is also a documented survey of official transactions relating to the World War with particular attention to the sources of record. The main focus of the work is on diplomatic acts of the belligerent and neutral parties that accompanied the military dimension of the conflict.The Calendar assumes the form of a compilation of related kinds of information situated between a bibliography and a repertory, with the aim of elucidating the course of World War One from the perspectives of international law and diplomacy.

Economic Organization for War

1920 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-606
Author(s):  
Ernest L. Bogart
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Organization ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Special Skill ◽  
The World ◽  
Military Strength ◽  
The Military ◽  
Modern War

As shown in the struggle recently ended, modern war means “a nation in arms.” The old-time distinction between fighters and workers was almost obliterated, and there was an industrial army as well as an army in the field. The labors of the men and women behind the lines were essential to the effective operations of the men in arms. That this condition was recognized by the governments themselves is shown by the classifications of workers, according to which those whose special skill or ability was essential to the conduct of war industries were taken out or kept out of the army and retained in the factories, mines, workshops, and fields. In various ways the old lines between soldier and civilian, between war operations and the work of production, were broken down. The Germans made no distinction between war vessels and merchantmen. They deliberately destroyed coal mines and factories, growing crops and cattle; this was done with a military purpose, for the sake of lessening the military strength of the enemy. So, too, the former distinction between contraband and free goods was obliterated. Whole nations were in arms, and all their resources were mobilized to carry on the titanic struggle.This world conflict has taught us that war is not waged altogether by armies in the field. It is a contest between the industrial organization and technique of the opposing nations. It is not carried on by money alone, but by the total resources, material and human, that can be concentrated in a combined, productive effort. The World War gave the first opportunity for a complete application of the modern factory system of production in warfare.

The Netherlands and the World War. Volume III. The Effect of the War upon the Colonies.

1930 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Harry D. Gideonse ◽  
J. H. Carpentier Alting ◽  
W. de Cock Buning ◽  
G. Vissering Holstijn ◽  
H. W. C. Bordewijk
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
World War ◽  
The World

scholarly journals Future trends -Arab relations - European A Study in Political Geography

2018 ◽  
Vol 216 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Abdul Majid Abdul Baqi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Current Time ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Differentiation Pattern ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
The Military

The indicators of Europe returning increasing rapidly as an active part at the current time, where the French differentiation pattern towards the American situation towards Palestinian issue, also the Germany-French-Belgian differentiation pattern towards the American situation during the Military aggression on Iraq in 2003, all of that Allows multiple and diverse indicators for this role Which had declined after the end of World War II and the end of the European occupation of the Arab homeland, Europe has suffered great losses militarily, economically, lose of population and socially  during the World War II, and this loss  had impacted its ability to continue its old strategic role of colonizing in confronting other international poles that had become the first power over Europe account and started to impose its influence on the former colonies of Europe in the Arab region, where America has struggled to impose its full control over the Arab homeland As an alternative for the old European colonialism , where the independence of the situation of the European had declined significantly towards the Arabian issues, so, it turns to the dialogue with  the Arabian governments, Which  had actually embodied as (The Arabian-European dialogue), considering that a new stage has begun to rearrange the international influence in the region, Also, Europe has regained its colonial power that was lost after the World War II particularly  with the decline of the Arab unity factors because of the weakness of governments and systems, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, The level of this orientation has expanded with the launch of '' Middle East" project , according to (American-Zionist) belief that Excludes the European interests, and this pushed the researcher to analyze the constant and the variable in that study towards the Arabian issues as a framework to answer the queries about the future nature of the Arabian-European relations.              

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