scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Review on Transmission, Clinical Presentations, Treatments and Vaccines

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-114
Author(s):  
Syed Arman Rabbani ◽  
Shrestha Sharma ◽  
Supriya Mishra ◽  
Asiya Mahtab
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The People ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the most prevalent and significant global health concerns since its origin in Wuhan, China in the December 2019. As on 05th April, this disease has affected over 131 million people and has resulted in more than 2.85 million deaths worldwide till date. The disease is transmitted from the infected patients to the people in close contact through respiratory droplets. There are a number of factors which affect the transmission of this disease. The clinical presentation of COVID-19 can range from asymptomatic infections to critical disease leading to respiratory failure, septic shock and multiple organ failure. The disease essentially affects the respiratory system but other organ systems may also be involved. Currently, the therapeutic management of the disease is based on the severity of the infection and employs various strategies like monoclonal antibodies, corticosteroids, antivirals, stem cell therapy and immunomodulators. Scientists and researchers all around the world have raced against the time and developed a number of vaccines for COVID-19.  At present, there are many COVID-19 vaccines, which have been authorized or approved for use by the regulators of the different countries. This article reviews the current published data on the COVID-19 transmission, clinical presentations, treatments and vaccines.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Comprehensive Review of Clinical Presentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om Prakash Mehta ◽  
Parshal Bhandari ◽  
Akshay Raut ◽  
Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi ◽  
Nguyen Tien Huy
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
First Case ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Organ Systems

COVID-19 is a rapidly growing pandemic with its first case identified during December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Due to the rampant rise in the number of cases in China and globally, WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. The disease is transmitted via respiratory droplets of infected patients during coughing or sneezing and affects primarily the lung parenchyma. The spectrum of clinical manifestations can be seen in COVID-19 patients ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease resulting in mortality. Although respiratory involvement is most common in COVID-19 patients, the virus can affect other organ systems as well. The systemic inflammation induced by the disease along with multisystem expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor which allows viral entry into cells, explains the manifestation of extra-pulmonary symptoms affecting the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hematological, renal, musculoskeletal, and endocrine system. Here, we have reviewed the extensive literature available on COVID-19 about various clinical presentations based on the organ system involved as well as clinical presentation in specific population including children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised patients. We have also briefly discussed about the Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome occurring in children and adults with COVID-19. Understanding the various clinical presentations can help clinicians diagnose COVID-19 in an early stage and ensure appropriate measures to be undertaken in order to prevent further spread of the disease.

scholarly journals Acute respiratory failure as primary manifestation of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdokia Sourla ◽  
Vasilis Bagalas ◽  
Helias Tsioulis ◽  
Asimina Paspala ◽  
Sofia Akritidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Acute Respiratory Failure ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Alveolar Hemorrhage ◽  
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Hypoxic Respiratory Failure

The systemic vasculitides are multifocal diseases characterized by the presence of blood vessel inflammation in multiple organ systems. Their clinical presentation is variable extending from self-limited illness to critical complications including diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. Alveolar hemorrhage is a lifethreatening manifestation of pulmonary vasculitis that can rapidly progress into acute respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support. We present the case of a 74-year-old patient admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with severe hypoxic respiratory failure and diffuse alveolar infiltrates in chest imaging that was later diagnosed as antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis. The report highlights the importance of differentiate between alveolar hemorrhage and acute respiratory distress syndrome of other etiology because alveolar hemorrhage is reversible with prompt initiation of treatment.

scholarly journals IgG4-related lymphadenopathy masquerading as Hodgkin lymphoma: lessons from a pathologist’s desk

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. e229800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sree Rekha Jinkala ◽  
Bheemanathi Hanuman Srinivas ◽  
Puthenpurackal Sivanpillai Priyamvada ◽  
Debdatta Basu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Rare Presentation ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Reactive Proliferation ◽  
Treatable Condition

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic fibroinflammatory disorder affecting multiple organ systems. The awareness of this disease has tremendously increased over the last decade leading to effective treatment and decreased morbidity to the patients. Histopathology plays an important role in the diagnosis of IgG4-RD, and definite histologic criteria are proposed in clinically suspected patients. We report a patient with multiple organ system involvements of the salivary gland, lymph node and kidney. IgG4-related lymphadenopathy (IgG4-RL) in this patient was misdiagnosed as nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NLPHL). Refractoriness to treatment for NLPHL and subsequent manifestations of renal involvement lead us to the correct diagnosis of this potentially treatable condition. IgG4-RL can mimic reactive proliferation as well as lymphomas. We report the clinical presentation and discuss the problems faced by pathologists in diagnosing IgG4-RL. We believe that awareness of this rare presentation will enhance the knowledge in diagnosing IgG4-RD.

Intermediate-term outcomes after paediatric cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation – what is known (and unknown)

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (S2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Costello ◽  
David S. Cooper ◽  
Jeffrey P. Jacobs ◽  
Paul J. Chai ◽  
Roxanne Kirsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Organ Systems

AbstractThe use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants and children with cardiac disease who develop refractory cardiogenic shock, cyanosis, or cardiac arrest is increasing. Early mortality in children with cardiac disease who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation remains an important issue, as only 40% of cannulated patients survive to discharge from the hospital. However, it is encouraging that 90% children who are discharged alive from the hospital after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are still alive at intermediate-term follow-up. Surviving patients are at risk for long-term dysfunction of multiple organ systems related to their underlying cardiac disease, non-cardiac comorbidities, treatment-related complications, and exposure to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Among the most important acute complications related to support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is injury to the central nervous system, which may contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. All of these factors, in turn, influence quality of life. Many survivors remain medically complex related to their underlying cardiac disease, comorbidities, and sequelae of complications acquired over their lifetime. Neurological morbidity clearly plays an important role in approximately one-third of survivors, with significant deficits in approximately 10%. The limited data about quality of life data that are available for survivors of cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation suggests that approximately 15–30% of survivors have at least moderately decreased quality of life. Overall, published data support the ongoing use of support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with acute cardiac failure, most of whom would die without it. However, programmatic efforts to improve the selection of patients and the preservation of the function of end organs during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are clearly needed in order to improve long-term outcomes.

Scrub Typhus Masquerading as Limbic Encephalitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 194187442110161
Author(s):  
Subhrajyoti Biswas ◽  
Ritwik Ghosh ◽  
Dipayan Roy ◽  
Adrija Ray ◽  
Kaustav De ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Limbic Encephalitis ◽  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Indian Woman ◽  
Orientia Tsutsugamushi ◽  
Excessive Sleepiness ◽  
Organ Systems

Scrub typhus, an acute febrile infectious disease prevalent in the ‘tsutsugamushi triangle’, is a mite-born rickettsial zoonosis, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. The clinical presentation is protean and involves multiple organ systems of the body, including central and peripheral nervous systems. We report a 22-year-old previously healthy Indian woman who presented with clinical (confusion, excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction and focal seizures) and neuroimaging features of limbic encephalitis. After exclusion of common infectious, autoimmune and paraneoplastic causes, she was diagnosed with scrub typhus associated encephalitis, which responded to doxycycline and azithromycin therapy.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal and thromboembolic manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: An imaging review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Rao VRK
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Pulmonary System ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Cardiac Manifestations ◽  
Degrees Of Severity ◽  
Selection Of

While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly involves the respiratory system, it is increasingly recognized that the infection is not restricted to pulmonary system only but other organs are also affected to varying degrees of severity. Gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiac manifestations are reported in addition to dysfunction of hepatic, renal, hematological systems. The wide range of clinical presentations involving multiple organ systems necessitate investigating the causal and association factors of COVID-19 infection. Prompt recognition of the symptoms is necessary for selection of appropriate diagnostic methods and confirmatory tests to reduce delay in initiating the therapy. This manuscript aims to review the spectrum of clinical and imaging aspects of gastrointestinal and thrombo embolic manifestations of COVID-19. Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; gastrointestinal manifestations; thromboembolism

Microprobe analysis of inclusion bodies related to two benzofuran derivatives

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
T. L. Benning ◽  
P. Ingram ◽  
J. D. Shelburne
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
High Dose ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Dense Inclusion ◽  
Melanin Complex

Two benzofuran derivatives, chlorpromazine and amiodarone, are known to produce inclusion bodies in human tissues. Prolonged high dose chlorpromazine therapy causes hyperpigmentation of the skin with electron-dense inclusion bodies present in dermal histiocytes and endothelial cells ultrastructurally. The nature of the deposits is not known although a drug-melanin complex has been hypothesized. Amiodarone may also cause cutaneous hyperpigmentation and lamellar lysosomal inclusion bodies have been demonstrated within the cells of multiple organ systems. These lamellar bodies are believed to be the product of an amiodarone-induced phospholipid storage disorder. We performed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDXA) on tissue samples from patients treated with these drugs, attempting to detect the sulfur atom of chlorpromazine and the iodine atom of amiodarone within their respective inclusion bodies.A skin biopsy from a patient with hyperpigmentation due to prolonged chlorpromazine therapy was fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde and processed without osmium tetroxide or en bloc uranyl acetate for Epon embedding.

Impairment Rating and Spinal Cord Injuries: Revisiting the Guides

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Richard T. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Impairment Ratings

Abstract This article addresses some criticisms of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) by comparing previously published outcome data from a group of complete spinal cord injury (SCI) persons with impairment ratings for a corresponding level of injury calculated using the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition. Results of the comparison show that impairment ratings using the sixth edition scale poorly with the level of impairments of activities of daily living (ADL) in SCI patients as assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor scale and the extended FIM motor scale. Because of the combinations of multiple impairments, the AMA Guides potentially overrates the impairment of paraplegics compared with that of quadriplegics. The use and applicability of the Combined Values formula should be further investigated, and complete loss of function of two upper extremities seems consistent with levels of quadriplegia using the SCI model. Some aspects of the AMA Guides contain inconsistencies. The concept of diminishing impairment values is not easily translated between specific losses of function per organ system and “overall” loss of ADLs involving multiple organ systems, and the notion of “catastrophic thresholds” involving multiple organ systems may support the understanding that variations in rating may exist in higher rating cases such as those that involve an SCI.

Renal Manifestations of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Nikhil Nair ◽  
Ronith Chakraborty ◽  
Zubin Mahajan ◽  
Aditya Sharma ◽  
Sidarth Sethi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ◽  
Gene Disruption ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Renal Cysts ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Tsc2 Gene ◽  
Genetic Condition ◽  
Organ Systems

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic condition caused by a mutation in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. Disruption of either of these genes leads to impaired production of hamartin or tuberin proteins, leading to the manifestation of skin lesions, tumors and seizures. TSC can manifests in multiple organ systems with the cutaneous and renal systems being the most commonly affected. These manifestations can secondarily lead to the development of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and neurocognitive declines. The renal pathologies most commonly seen in TSC are angiomyolipoma, renal cysts and less commonly, oncocytomas. In this review, we highlight the current understanding on the renal manifestations of TSC along with current diagnosis and treatment guidelines.

scholarly journals Attenuation of COVID-19-induced cytokine storm in a young male patient with severe respiratory and neurological symptoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Muschitz ◽  
Anita Trummert ◽  
Theresa Berent ◽  
Norbert Laimer ◽  
Lukas Knoblich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Male Patient ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SummarySevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), produces protean manifestations and causes indiscriminate havoc in multiple organ systems. This rapid and vast production of proinflammatory cytokines contributes to a condition termed cytokine storm. A 35-year-old, otherwise healthy, employed, male patient was tested positive for COVID-19. He was admitted to the hospital on disease day 10 due to retarded verbal reactions and progressive delirium. On account of these conditions and the need for noninvasive/invasive ventilation, a combination treatment with baricitinib and remdesivir in conjunction with standard of care was initiated. The cytokine storm was rapidly blocked, leading to a vast pulmonary recovery with retarded recovery of the central nervous system. We conclude that the rapid blockade of the COVID-19-induced cytokine storm should be considered of avail as a principle of careful decision-making for effective recovery.

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