Since ancient times, people have been using plants not only for a source of food, but also for a source of medicine. In the Malay culture, many ethnomedicinal plants are being used for various medicinal properties. This knowledge is recorded in many ancient Malay manuscripts that acknowledge many different local names of plants and its traditional uses and practices. This study will be discussing one of the ancient Malay manuscript named “Hikayat Nurul-lisan Menjawab Masalah” whereby the original work was written in Jawi alphabets. Fortunately, Harun Mat Piah in his book, “Kitab Tib Ilmu Perubatan Melayu” had transliterated the work to Latin alphabets and organised it to a better structure which makes the content readily accessible and easily interpreted for Malay researchers. The purpose of this study is to analyse and tabulate ethnomedicinal plants documented in the transliterated manuscript which mentioned gastrointestinal benefits. To attain the research objectives, qualitative thematic analysis will be employed on the manuscript in order to classify different themes in the text systematically. Among illnesses frequently mentioned in the manuscript are gastrointestinal related, such as digestion, bloating, diarrhea and others. The study highlights that there are 36 number of plants mentioned in the manuscript which relates to gastrointestinal diseases. There are many different practice of use, whereby some are with detailed explanation, and others very general. Some plants are mentioned as being used for the well-being of the digestive system. This study is imperative for comprehensively structuring the traditional knowledge obtained in the manuscript for easy reference and access to other researchers locally and internationally. Besides to enrich our traditional knowledge on ethnomedicinal plants, this research will indirectly serve to preserve one of an important Malay cultural heritage. Keywords: Ethnomedicinal plants; Thematic analysis; Malay ancient manuscript; Malaysia medicinal plants; Gastrointestinal

This is a summary of the chapter on fasting from the manuscript “Khazanatul-Mufteen” (The treasury of muftis). We participated in the verification of the chapter on fasting from the book “Khazanatul-Mufteen” by Imam Al-Hussein bin Muhammad bin Hussein، Al-Samanqani Al-Hanafi died: 746 AH, this Imam (Al-Samanqani) had a high scholarly position, as he was an ascetic scholar and a jurist in the homeland, and he wrote two books on Hanafi jurisprudence. The number panels in the fasting chapter is (10) panels, these panels included a detailed explanation of fasting, what spoils the fasting, about the traveler at the time of fasting, and about the menstruating woman and the person who is junub in Ramadan, where he reviewed the sayings of Imam Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man, the owner of the doctrine, and the sayings of students, may Allah have mercy on them all, and his explanation was useful and summarized, gave the benefit for both mufti and questioner.

AbstractThis paper reviews and advocates against the use of permute-and-predict (PaP) methods for interpreting black box functions. Methods such as the variable importance measures proposed for random forests, partial dependence plots, and individual conditional expectation plots remain popular because they are both model-agnostic and depend only on the pre-trained model output, making them computationally efficient and widely available in software. However, numerous studies have found that these tools can produce diagnostics that are highly misleading, particularly when there is strong dependence among features. The purpose of our work here is to (i) review this growing body of literature, (ii) provide further demonstrations of these drawbacks along with a detailed explanation as to why they occur, and (iii) advocate for alternative measures that involve additional modeling. In particular, we describe how breaking dependencies between features in hold-out data places undue emphasis on sparse regions of the feature space by forcing the original model to extrapolate to regions where there is little to no data. We explore these effects across various model setups and find support for previous claims in the literature that PaP metrics can vastly over-emphasize correlated features in both variable importance measures and partial dependence plots. As an alternative, we discuss and recommend more direct approaches that involve measuring the change in model performance after muting the effects of the features under investigation.

In 2019, the world suffered from the emergence of COVID-19 infection, one of the most difficult pandemics in recent history. Millions of confirmed deaths from this pandemic have been reported worldwide. This disaster was caused by SARS-CoV-2, which is the last discovered member of the family of Coronaviridae. Various studies have shown that natural compounds have effective antiviral properties against coronaviruses by inhibiting multiple viral targets, including spike proteins and viral enzymes. This review presents the classification and a detailed explanation of the SARS-CoV-2 molecular characteristics and structure–function relationships. We present all currently available crystal structures of different SARS-CoV-2 proteins and emphasized on the crystal structure of different virus proteins and the binding modes of their ligands. This review also discusses the various therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 treatment and available vaccinations. In addition, we highlight and compare the existing data about natural compounds extracted from algae, fungi, plants, and scorpion venom that were used as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we discuss the repurposing of select approved therapeutic agents that have been used in the treatment of other viruses.

Transgender can refer to any individual whose gender identity differs in some way from their birth or biological sex. A significant step in the modern conception of transgenderism was the separation of gender as a social construct from biological sex as a given at birth. Despite India showing progress in various medical, economic, and social fronts, the care of the transgender individual is still encumbered by the various biases and taboos that people hold. But this was not true in antiquity. Unlike the present era, Hindu mythology has always shown us many examples of transgender individuals thereby proving that they were also a part of our society. It is only in recent times that they have been at least given the necessary social security and an ability to integrate into the community. Furthermore, these individuals are subjected to stigma and biases that make them prone to both medical, as well as mental health issues. Ayurvedic science has a detailed explanation regarding the third gender called Napumsaka. Having learnt about the causes of Napumsaka in our science, it is our duty to ensure the production of healthy Beeja for developing a healthy upcoming generation. Keywords: Transgenderism, transgender, Ayurveda, Napumsaka.

Introduction. This article deals with the analysis of a ritual text devoted to the Six-Armed Mahakala. Mahakala is one of the most powerful protectors of Tibetan Buddhism. The article gives a description of the Six-Armed Mahakala and his retinue and discusses the structure of the ritual text rendering its content and describing the rules and the sequence of acts in propitiating the deity. It is pointed out that the text is a compilation and some of the original authors are identified whose works were used in the ritual text signed by Khedrup Je. Also, the text is most voluminous and includes the discussions of a great number of other pertinent rituals. The aim of the present paper is the discussion and the interpretation of the image and attributes of the Six-Armed Mahakala based on a fragment of the text, translated and introduced for the academic community. Data and methods. The text “The Ritual of Propitiation ...” is used as the research material; the method employed is descriptive, complemented by methods of structural-semantic, conceptual, and contextual analysis. Results. The iconography of the deity contained in the text presents a description that includes a detailed explanation of some of the deity’s elements. This allows to reveal the wrathful character of the fierce Dharmapala and shows that all the elements, such as attributes, gowns, adornments, postures, and gestures have deep symbolic meanings associated with philosophical and religious ideas, as well as with the ethical norms of Buddhism. This preliminary research, including the structuring and the analysis of the text under study, indicates the relevance, as well as the urgency of further examination of the introduced material, granted that ritual texts are seen as helpful additional sources for the study of the Buddhist deities.

The application of inverse methods in empirical structural mechanics is the subject of this study. After a broad introduction to Inverse Problems (IPs), which includes a discussion of the many domains of application in general structural mechanics, the focus is limited to the critical area of material identification, with a special focus on the use of complete surveys. In this example, a more detailed explanation of the IPs to solve is provided, as well as the primary approaches to solving it. Lastly, there are several illustrations of exploratory uses of such techniques.

Multiplications are the most important and crucial operation in any system. They are done through the process of repetitive addition. Since speed is necessary in any factor therefore multiplication must also be done in a faster way so that they are utilized properly for a faster result. This paper gives a detailed explanation on all three multipliers and compares them accordingly. In this paper, three various multiplication methods are considered and simulated. Three structural multipliers such as Vedic, Wallace tree and array multipliers are compared and their output is shown through the FGPA. For comparison, the results of multipliers are synthesized and simulated using XILINX.ISE.14.5 tool. Later the comparison is concluded by evaluating their utilization of the device.

The essay explores the phenomenon of tahrir, one of the most important elements of the avaz vocal art in Iranian classical music. As a hereditary avaz performer and an active concert soloist who has sung in this tradition for a number of years, the author bases his reasoning on the extensive practical experience of several generations of Iranian singers. As a result, instead of interpreting tahrir as a purely ornamental device, which is quite a widespread approach to this phenomenon, the author presents its detailed explanation as an extra-verbal multifunctional element in the evolvement of the avaz sonic texture, noting its deep semantic, psycho-emotional and form-structural meaning in each particular musical utterance. Audio files and music examples are attached to the essay.