“Ihsanic” Philosophy as an Alternative to Social Justice

This chapter argues that Rawlsian social justice fails to ensure property rights for Indigenous people in the Bangladesh context. Explaining from an Indigenous standpoint paradigm (IRP) in bioprospecting (commercial use of plant materials) research among the Rakhain community, the authors conclude that non-Western utilitarian justice rather Ihsan (good deed for good deed, good acts for good acts) is a probable solution for minimizing the majority-minority tensions, establishing the rights of marginal people, and reaching SDGs in subsequent decades. Despite a rural, remote, and minority context, the appeal remains global as the bioprospecting is neither a national nor regional but a historical and global phenomenon and needs immediate policy, either attention or action or both.

Examining the Agreement Object as Good Deeds from the Consequentialism and Deontology Perspective

<em>This study aimed to analyze the agreement object as good deeds from the legal philosophy perspective. Postulated to legal positivism, this rejects the deviation of the agreement on the good deed of transplanting organs or body tissues. The results compiled using normative legal research methods described the flow of consequentialism and deontology. These doctrines state that kidney transplant procedures conducted voluntarily based on humanity have benefited recipients and donors. Therefore, they increase the happiness level of both parties without leaving the concept of Kantian moral ethics.</em>

Ethics and Professionalism in Medical Science and Its Impact on Health Care

Background: Practicing medicine is always rewarding. It brings money sometimes and friendship, experience of fame at other times. At least one gets the credit and satisfaction of having done a good deed. There could be no better deed or donation than giving life back to a patient. Actually the science of life has an unlimited scope for expansion and the physician is one of the constituent of this life science. Every science has limitations, rules and regulations to achieve the ultimate success. ( Medical) Science is light and it illuminates; one’s own intellect is vision. Objectives: 1. To learn about Medical Ethics and how it is useful to improve the health care. 2. Professionalism in Health Care and its importance. 3. Discuss Medical Ethics and humanities, Professionalism and its impact on Health of the society. Methodology: The datasets used to conclude the study has taken from internet database and relevant books of science of medicine. In this article author tried to explore the trait among medical professional and how it could be develop professionalism towards human health care. Results: Ethics are the cornerstone to the professional practice because honesty and excellence aren’t just working when your profession is most trusted. Conclusions: The ideal physician thus has the qualities as- 1. The patient’s health and well being is goal. 2. The physician continuously strives to acquire further knowledge, skill, and proficiency. 3. The physician is well wisher of and works for the uplift of society. 4. The physician is humble, modest, sympathetic and gentle. Professionalism is the part of Good Medical Practice Guidelines (GMC). According to this the Doctors deities are – Knowledge, Skills, and Performance, Safety and Quality, Communication, Partnership and Teamwork, and Maintaining Trust.

When Men Deprive Women of Their Free Will, They Are Not Protecting Anyone: They Are Obstructing God’s Plan

If women cannot make their own decisions, what is God to judge them on? Women will certainly get no credit for a “good deed” that is forced upon them, much less grow spiritually from it, any more than they will for or from any good their menfolk do. As the Qur’an never tires of telling us, every single soul—whether male or female—will ultimately face God individually. Yet once again, faux-hadith arguments denigrating women’s moral nature and intellectual capacity are deployed to justify restricting women’s freedoms, including an eye-popping one placed in the Prophet’s mouth that makes a wife’s access to heaven essentially dependent on being in her husband’s good graces. What if he is a despicable fellow?

NYANYIAN PANTON SEBAGAI MEDIUM HIBURAN DAN PENDIDIKAN MASYARAKAT COCOS DI SABAH

Abstrak Etnik Cocos merupakan masyarakat minoriti di negeri Sabah yang memiliki pantun seperti masyarakat Melayu. Pantun Cocos mengemukakan pelbagai tema seperti cinta dan kasih sayang, ajaran (nasihat), budi, mengaco (hiburan), kecewa dan perpisahan, agama dan kongajar (lucah). Perbezaan dengan pantun Melayu ialah daripada segi pengucapan dan pemilihan diksi. Gaya pengucapan pantunnya agak unik ditambah dengan ekspresi dan gerak tubuh pemantun ketika melantunkan pantun. Persembahan fizikal pemantun secara tidak langsung memberi hiburan kepada pendengar dan penonton dengan lagak yang bersahaja dan memberikan hiburan berdasarkan persembahan yang dilakukan seperti dalam tarian Melenggok, Selong dan Labuan Tidak Berbukit. Kajian lapangan berbentuk pemerhatian dan temu bual dilakukan di Kampung Balung Cocos, Kampung Skim Cocos dan Kampung Simpang Empat, Kunak, di mana lokasi penempatan orang Cocos. Data dianalisis menggunakan teori Puitika Melayu karya Muhammad Hj Salleh. Kajian mendapati walaupun pantun Cocos sarat dengan hiburan dan gaya penyampaiannya kelihatan tidak serius, ilmu didikan dan pengajaran tidak dilupakan oleh pemantun sebagai pengajaran untuk masyarakatnya. Abstract The Cocos ethnics, a minority community in Sabah, has a ‘pantun’ tradition similar to the Malay community. Cocos ‘pantun’ explores various themes items such as love and passion, advice, good deed, ‘mengaco’ (entertainment), frustration and separation, religion and ‘kongajar’ (vulgarity). The difference with Malay ‘pantun’ is in terms of its articulation and choice of diction. The articulation is rather unique and this is supplemented with the expression and body movements of the ‘pemantun’ during his/her recitation. The physical performance of the ‘pemantun’ provides indirect entertainment to the audience such as the nonchalance and spontaneity of action as expressed in the ‘Melenggok,’ Selong’ and ‘Labuan Tidak Berbukit’ dances. Field study in the form of observations and interviews was conducted in Kampung Balung Cocos, Kampung Skim Cocos and Kampung Simpang Empat, Kunak where the Cocos community is prevalent. Data were analysed using the Puitika Melayu theory by Muhammad Hj Salleh. Findings indicate that although the Cocos ‘pantun’ is heavily embedded with elements of entertainment and portrayed as light-hearted, knowledge and learning are incorporated by the ‘pemantun’ in the composition as lessons for the community.

पूर्वीय दर्शनमा तत्वमीमांसा र ज्ञानमीमांसा [Metaphysics and Epistemology in Eastern Philosophy]

प्रस्तुत लेखमा दर्शनका बारे सामान्य परिचय दिंदै पूर्वीय सभ्यताअन्तर्गत भारतीय खण्ड वा हिमाली क्षेत्रबाट प्रवर्तित प्राचीन दर्शनहरूको उल्लेख गरिएको छ । यसक्रममा षड्दर्शन अन्तर्गत पर्ने साङ्ख्य,योग,न्याय,वैशेषिक,मीमांसा र वेदान्तदर्शनएवम् वेदको अस्तित्वलाई अस्वीकार गर्ने चार्वाक,जैन र बौद्घदर्शनको पहिचान गरिएको छ । तत्वमीमांसा र ज्ञानमीमांसा भनेको के हो ? भन्ने विषयमा संक्षिप्त रुपले विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । पूर्वीय क्षेत्रबाट प्रवर्तित प्राचीन नौवटा दर्शनको सामान्य परिचय दिदै तिनीहरूमा पाइने तत्वमीमांसा र ज्ञानमीमांसाका बारे संक्षेपमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ । यसक्रममा तत्वमीमांसाका बारे छलफल गर्दा साङ्ख्यदर्शनमा प्रकृति र पुरुषसहित पच्चीस तत्त्व, योगदर्शनमा छब्बीस तत्त्व, न्यायदर्शनमा सोह्र पदार्थ, वैशेषिकदर्शनमा सात पदार्थ, मीमांसा दर्शनमा पञ्चकर्म, वेदान्तदर्शनमा अद्वैतवाद(ब्रह्मवाद), चार्वाक दर्शनमा भौतिकवाद, जैन दर्शनमा बहुतत्ववाद र बौद्घदर्शनमा शून्यवाद मुख्य तत्वका रुपमा आएका छन् भनेर उल्लेख गरिएको छ । त्यसैगरी ज्ञानमीमांसाका बारे छलफल गर्दा साङ्ख्यदर्शनमा कार्यकारण सिद्घान्त र सत्कार्यवाद, योग दर्शनमा चित्तको व्याख्या र अष्टाङ्ग योग, न्यायदर्शनमा प्रमा, प्रमाता, प्रमाण र प्रमेयकाबारे वृहत् छलफल, वैषेशिकदर्शनमा परमाणुवाद, मीमांसादर्शनमा धर्मफल(कर्मफल सिद्घान्त÷कर्मवाद), वेदान्तदर्शनमा ज्ञानका प्रकार र मोक्षप्राप्तिका साधन, चार्वाक दर्शनमा प्रत्यक्ष प्रमाणका आधारमा लौकिक संसारको व्याख्या, जैन दर्शनमा अनेकान्तवाद, स्याद्वाद र सप्तभङ्गीनयको व्याख्या गर्दै ज्ञानका प्रकार एवम् विधि र बौद्ध दर्शनमा प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद, कर्मवाद, अनित्यवाद, अनात्मवाद, क्षणिकवाद, शून्यवाद मुख्य ज्ञानका रुपमा आएका छन् भनेर उल्लेख गरिएको छ । [This article briefly introduces philosophy focusing on eastern philosophy specifically based on the ancient philosophies originated in Indian sub-continent or Himalayan region. It discusses the philosophies like Sankhya, Yog, Nyaya, Vaiseshik, Mimamsa and Vedanta that fall under six basic philosophies and three other philosophies like Charvak, Jain, and Bauddha which discard the existence of Veda. This essay briefly analyses metaphysics and epistemology, and discusses the metaphysics and epistemology of those nine different philosophies originated in the eastern landscape. Talking about metaphysics, this article has mentioned twenty-five Tatwa including Prakriti and Purush under Sankhya philosophy. Under Yog philosophy, there are twenty-six Tatwa, sixteen matters in Nyaya philosophy, seven matters in Vaiseshik philosophy, Panchakarma in Mimamsa philosophy, Bramhaism in Vedanta philosophy, materialism in Charvak philosophy, multi-physicalism (Bahutatwabad) in Jain philosophy and zeroism (Sunyabad) in Buddhist philosophy as discussed in the article. Regarding epistemology, there is discussion of the philosophy of good deed (Satkaryabad) in Sankhya philosophy, description of Chitta and eight folded yoga in Yog philosophy, discussion of Prama, Paramata, Praman and Prameya under Nyaya philosophy, atomism (Paramanubad) in Vaiseshik philosophy, Dharmaphal in Mimamsa philosophy, types of knowledge and ways of achieving salvation in Vedanta philosophy, description of physical world in Charvak philosophy, types of knowledge and their methods in Jain philosophy, and lastly, Karmabad, Anityabad, Anatmabad, Sunyabad, kshanikbad in Buddhist philosophy.]

АВТОПОЕЗИС СИСТЕМИ ЕТИЧНИХ КАТЕГОРІЙ В АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВІ: ЛІНГВОСИНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД

The paper represents the results of ethical categories study on the material of the English language from the linguo-synergetic approach. The aim of the paper is to address the issue of self-organization of the system of English-language ethical categories in diachronical perspective. It also highlights the principles of autopoiesis of language systems, invento-rizes the lexical verbalization means of the target ethical categories, reveals the etymological images that underpin ethical categories verbalizers, explains the cognitive connections among the categories in the process of self-organization. The employed methods include semantic analysis, which reveals the meaning of the analyzed words; etymological analysis, which unravels the inner form of the lexicalization units; cognitive reinterpretation, which explains the mental associative connections between the meanings; synergetic analysis, which explains the process of self-organization of the system of ethical categories. The paper draws a borderline between ethical categories and values and argues that ethical cate-gories appeared as a result of generalizations when, for example, a good deed of recurring character was conceived as something good in general, or an obligation in a particular situation was generalized to an all-embracing duty etc. The synergetic properties of language systems are revealed and they include complex hierarchical organization, being open and dynamic, instability and non-linearity. The paper reveals the etymological images that underly the analyzed cate-gories. The process of self-organization of the corpus of ethical categories consists in the fact that the most primordial moral category being reinterpreted gave birth to all other ones. The most primary cognitive trait is “whole” which underlies the category GOOD, while the antagonistic category EVIL is based on the cognitive feature “split”, which proves the polar perception of these categories on the cognitive level in diachrony but not only on the level of current lexico-semantic vari-ants. The autopoiesis of the system of linguoethical categories in the English language has a complex non-linear character, since the connections between the images, which underlie them are multifaced.Key words: cognitive feature, diachrony, etymological image, non-linearity, self-organization. У статті представлені результати дослідження етичних категорій на матеріалі англійської мови з позицій лінгвосинергетичного підходу. Метою статті є викладення проблеми самоорганізації системи англомовних етичних категорій у діахронії. У роботі розглядаються принципи автопоезису мовних систем, здійснюється інвентаризація лексичних засобів вербалізації аналізованих етичних категорій, викладаються етимологічні образи, що покладені в основу вербалізаторів, пояснюються когнітивні зв’язки між категоріями в процесі самоорганізації. Застосовані методи містять семантичний аналіз, етимологічний аналіз, когнітивну інтерпретацію, синергетичний аналіз. У статті здійснено розмежування між етичними категоріями й етичними цінностями й зроблено висновок, що етичні категорії з'явилися в результаті узагальнень, коли, наприклад, повторення певного доброго вчинку стало осмислюватися як щось хороше в цілому або обов'язок у конкретній ситуації був узагальнений до всеосяжного обов'язку тощо. Схарактеризовано синергетичні властивості мовних систем, до яких належать складна ієрархічна організація, відкритість, динамічність, нерівноважність і нелінійність. Було визначено, що між цими параметрами існує кільцева залежність, зміна одного з них веде до зміни всіх інших. У статті розкриваються етимологічні образи, що покладені в основу аналізованих категорій. Викладено процес самоорганізації корпусу етичних категорій, який полягає в тому, що найбільш первинна етична категорія внаслідок когнітивного переосмислення стала основою для утворення інших, що цілком корелює з принципом метафоричності людського мислення. Найбільш первинною когнітивною рисою є «цілісність», яку покладено в основу категорії ДОБРО, тоді як антагоністична категорія ЗЛО базується на когнітивній ознаці «розкол», що доводить полярне сприйняття цих категорій на когнітивному рівні в діахронії, а не лише на рівні сучасних лексико-семантичних варіантів. Автопоезис системи лінгвоетичних категорій в англійській мові має складний нелінійний характер, оскільки зв'язки між образами, які покладено в їх основи, є багатоплановими.Ключові слова: діахронія, етимологічний образ, когнітивна риса, нелінійність, самоорганізація.

ADOPSI DAN PEMELIHARAAN ANAK DALAM HUKUM ISLAM

Adoption of children is one of the noble ways for couples who have not been blessed with children. The presence of an adopted child is expected to fill the lonely days of husband and wife, even sometimes many couples make their adopted children as a "lure" so that later they will have their own child. In Islamic law, in principle, an adopted child is not prohibited as long as it involves nurturing, educating and caring for him/her, however, the adopted child is not considered to become the heir or obtain inheritance if it is connected or associated with his/her legal position in Islamic law. Child is a person who must be protected from everything that can make it difficult for him/her, to be able to provide a good deed done by his/her parents, and with Hadhanah (the right to custody of a child under Sharia Law), it is very important that this Hadhanah is handed over to the mother because it is a job that requires a lot of responsibility and persistence in doing so.