Rikollisuus ja sosiaalisen disorganisaation teoria Chicagon sosiologisen koulukunnan tutkimuksissa 1918-1948

Artikkeli tarkastelee sosiaalisen disorganisaation käsitteen ja teorian alkuperää ja kehitystä aatehistoriallisesta näkökulmasta. Lähdeaineistona ovat keskeiset Chicagon sosiologisen koulukunnan julkaisut vuosien 1918 ja 1948 välillä. Kirjoittajien erityishuomio on kohdistunut ensinnäkin sosiaalisen disorganisaation käsitteen esille tuloon ja varhaiseen soveltamiseen William I. Thomasin, Robert E. Parkin ja muiden Chicagon sosiologien kirjoituksissa, ja toiseksi käsitteen ja teorian hyödyntämiseen Clifford R. Shaw’n ja Henry D. McKayn merkittävässä kriminologisessa tutkimuksessa Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas (1942). Artikkelissa esitetään, että sosiaalisen disorganisaation teorialla oli keskeinen osa Chicagon sosiologien tutkimuksissa, joissa yhteiskunnallista muutosta ja sosiaalista kontrollia käsitteellistettiin nopeasti kasvavan Chicagon kaupunkielämään keskittyvän empiirisen havainnoinnin pohjalta. Teoria oli laajassa käytössä yhdysvaltalaisessa kriminologiassa ja muissa yhteiskuntatieteissä siksi, että sen avulla kyettiin antamaan uskottavia sosiologisia selityksiä (suur)kaupunkien kasvun ja muutoksen tuomista ongelmista. Teoria joutui suurelta osin marginaaliin 1960-luvulla, mutta 1980-luvulla kriminologinen kiinnostus sosiaaliseen disorganisaatioon alkoi jälleen kasvaa, ja nykyisin teoriaa käytetään kriminologian lisäksi aluetutkimuksessa, kaupunkisosiologiassa ja psykiatriassa. Vilma Niskanen and Petteri Pietikäinen: Crime and the theory of social disorganization in the studies of the Chicago School of Sociology between 1918 and 1948. This article examines the origin and development of the concept and theory of social disorganization from the methodological perspective of intellectual history. Based on the study of publications of the main representatives of the Chicago School of Sociology between the years 1918 and 1948, the article analyses the ways in which social disorganization was first discussed by William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park and other Chicago sociologists, and how the concept and theory was later used in Shaw’s and McKay’s influential criminological study Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas (1942). At the outset, the notion of social disorganization was central to the Chicago sociologists’ conceptualization of social change and social control that they observed first-hand in the streets of the rapidly growing City of Chicago. The authors argue that theory was widely used in American social science, including criminology, between the 1920s and 1950s, because it had strong explanatory force in the study of social problems in urban areas undergoing changes and re-organization. After becoming marginalized as a theory in the 1960s, a criminological interest in social disorganization increased through the 1980s, and at present it is used not only in criminology but also in area studies, urban sociology and psychiatry. Keywords: social disorganisation – Chicago school of sociology – history of sociology and criminology – urban sociology

Ethnography

This chapter highlights ethnography, which is a method developed in the practice of ethnology, a subdiscipline of anthropology dedicated to the study of peoples using a micro-analytical and comparative perspective. Ethnographic methods such as immersion and micro-analysis have influenced qualitative research in sociology since the rise of the Chicago school of sociology. However, it is only since the 1970s that anthropologists have started to apply their research methods to their own societies. A founding principle of ethnographic knowledge lies in the notion of alterity and the idea that being an outsider to a culture may bring specific insights and questions about dimensions of social life that are interiorized as ‘natural’ and obvious by those native to that culture. What opened the path to ethnographizing one’s own society was the understanding that this productive and scientific use of alterity was not related to some intrinsic qualities of the researchers or the people they study, but to the ability to develop an estranged gaze, even on one’s own social world.

Theoritical Sensitivity: Mengungkap Konsep dalam Penelitian Ilmiah Kajian Sastra

Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa dalam sebuah penelitian ilmiah dibutuhkan sensitivitas teoritis (theoretical sensitivity). Dengan menggunakan argumentasi akademik yang telah dikemukakan oleh komunitas akademik lainnya, melalui grounded theory penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa teoritisasi data dilakukan secara induktif yaitu didasarkan pada temuan dan analisis pelbagai data observasi empirik di lapangan (grounded in data). Penelitian ini tidak sependapat dengan komunitas akademik Chicago School of Sociology yang menggunakan deductive qualitative analysis dalam proses theory-building. Penelitian ini mendukung perspektif theoretical sensitivity Barney G. Glaser (Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory: 1978) dan Barney G. Glaser & Anselm L. Strauss (The Discovery of Grounded Theory: 1967 & Awareness of Dying: 1965) yang menyatakan bahwa dalam sebuah penelitian, theoretical sensitivity memegang peranan kunci tehadap pelbagai data di lapangan/fenomena masalah yang diteliti dalam kerangka teoritis untuk dilakukan build theory. Berdasarkan asumsi teoritik Glaser dan Strauss tersebut, theoretical sensitivity sangat mungkin untuk digunakan dalam penelitian ilmiah seperti kajian sastra. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi implementasi theoritical sensitivity dalam kajian novel Saman karya Ayu Utami dan Perempuan Berkalung Sorban karya Abidah el Khaliqy dengan hasil penelitian berupa lahirnya konsep genre sastra wangi dan sastra feminis Islam.[The paper talks a scientific study that requires theoretical sensitivity. With academic arguments that puts forward by the academic community, grounded theory in the research reveals inductive data theoritization based on findings and analysis of various empirical observational data in the field research. The article does not agree with the Chicago School of Sociology Scholar, which uses deductive qualitative analysis in the theory-building process. The study supports the theoretical sensitivity perspective of Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss. Both of these scholar stated that a study on theoretical sensitivity has a key role in various data in the field or problem phenomena being studied in the theoretical framework for a build theory. Based on the theoretical assumptions of Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss, theoretical sensitivity is very likely to be used in scientific research such as literature studies. This paper explores the implementation of theoretical sensitivity in the study of the novel “Saman” by Ayu Utami and “Perempuan Berkalung Sorban” by Abidah el Khaliqy. This study gives the new Persepective of fragrant literary genres and Islamic feminist literature.]

Writing Up Qualitative Research

This chapter provides guidelines for writing journal articles based on qualitative approaches. The guidelines are part of the tradition of the Chicago school of sociology and the author’s experience as a writer and reviewer. The guidelines include understanding experiences in context, immersion, interpretations grounded in accounts of informants’ lived experiences, and research as action oriented. The chapter also covers writing articles that report findings based on ethnographies, autoethnographies, performances, poetry, and photography and other graphic media.

Community Schools

This closing chapter is about community schools from both local and national perspectives. This chapter adheres to the Penn Concepts that the most important work of Universities is the solving of social problems, and that universities should deal with the universal problems of local communities. The concept of community schools based on Kronick's model of systems theory, collaboration, and prevention is presented. The importance of theory and practice is discussed using the Chicago School of Sociology as an exemplar of the contributions of George Herbert Mead, Charles Horton Cooley, William I. Thomas, Everett Hughes, and Erving Goffman. These scholars opened the doors to engaged research and set a path that Kronick has followed since 1971.

Residential Concentrations of Migrants in Russian Cities: Is There a Pattern?

This article is based on research of international ethnic-migrants’ residential concentrations in Russian cities. The research is based on the uncertainty as to whether such concentrations exist in Russia; there is scholarship which both supports and refutes this thesis. Stemming from the social-ecology approach of the Chicago School of Sociology, the authors concentrate on locations in three Russian cities where the residential concentration of migrants is the highest. These places are the town of Kotelniki in Moscow Region, Sortirovka in Yekaterinburg, and KrasTEC in Krasnoyarsk. Utilizing both field and theoretical methods, the authors describe how these places appeared and what processes occur there. Based on a comparative analysis, the authors hypothesize a pattern which lies behind these cases and distinguishes these cases from other-country cases. According to the hypothesis, migrants form residential concentrations around those large markets which started appearing on the peripheries of Russian cities after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the following decades, the succession of the migrant population also settled there, and now a substantial share of these neighborhoods’ population are migrants, both those who work at the market and their relatives and friends who work in other parts of cities. Additionally, the migrant infrastructure evolved, and the neighborhoods started to be considered as ethnic and migrant.

Hybrid Culture Discourse: Prisonization of the City (Siberian Case)

The author studies the phenomenon of prizonization distinguished on the basis of essential and stable properties of Soviet and post-Soviet culture. To consider the processes of prisonization the model of M. Foucault is still thought quite relevant. According to Foucault, criminal culture is marginalized, squeezed to the outer colony whenever possible. From the point of view of M. Foucault and the Chicago school of sociology studying segregation and zoning principles in the city, prison is a marginal space. It is forced out of official culture, and social prison practices are considered unacceptable "on the outside". Housekeeping of Siberian cities was organized in a different mode: not being able to reject the criminal culture, society went the way of its processing, connection with the official culture. The article analyzes a significant number of sources telling about the fusion of official and criminal culture in the Siberian text. "Notes from the Dead house" by F. M. Dostoevsky, "Prison Camp: Notes of the Warden" by S. D. Dovlatov, "Kolyma stories" by V. Shalamov, as well as the modern domestic chanson of "Siberian" origin, equally contain a reference to the transition of convict, criminal culture beyond the prison walls. At the level of methodology this study allows us to test the research tools of postcolonialism in Criminal Studies – a research direction that has not yet been fully determined even in Western humanitarianism. The proximity of official and criminal culture gave rise to a special discourse, which can be considered in the optics of hybrid culture H. Bhabha. The methodology developed within the boundaries of the postcolonial approach opens up opportunities for analyzing the current social and cultural situation in Siberian cities.