Ozone trends on equatorial and tropical regions of South America using Dobson spectrophotometer, TOMS and OMI satellites instruments

2020 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 105272
Author(s):  
C.T. Sousa ◽  
N.M.P. Leme ◽  
M.P.P. Martins ◽  
F.R. Silva ◽  
T.L.B. Penha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Ozone Trends ◽  
Dobson Spectrophotometer

4. On the Kombi Arrow-Poison (Strophanthus hispidus, DC.) of the Manganja district of Africa

1872 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Tropical Regions

In nearly every narrative of exploration in uncivilised tropical regions, accounts are given, often no doubt somewhat fanciful, of poisonous substances which are said to possess the most remarkable properties. Usually these poisons are of vegetable origin; and the great majority may be included in the two divisions of ordeal and of arrow poisons, according as they are applied to one or other of these purposes. Among the most remarkable of the ordeal poisons are the Tanghinia venifera of Madagascar, the Physostigma venenosum of Old Calabar, and the Akazga poison of the Gaboon; and of the arrow-poisons, the famous Curara or Wourali of South America, and the Antiaris toxicaria of Java.

scholarly journals Cutaneous lesions caused by the yellow fever vaccine – have you ever seen them?

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 498-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Larissa Zini Lise ◽  
Michael Laurence Zini Lise
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
South America ◽  
Skin Rash ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccine ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Tropical Regions

SUMMARY The Yellow Fever virus was isolated in 1927 and the disease is considered endemic and epidemic in tropical regions of South America and Africa, with thousands of new cases reported annually. Several side effects of the vaccine have already been reported. Although reports of skin rash secondary to the vaccine range from 0 to 15%, no image or detailed description of the lesions were found in the literature. Here we describe a rash on a toddler vaccinated to travel.

scholarly journals New records of Ganoderma multiplicatum (Mont.) Pat. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Colombia and its geographic distribution in South America

Check List ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Bolaños ◽  
Vera Lúcia Ramos Bononi ◽  
Adriana De Mello Gugliotta
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
New Records ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
First Time

Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus of fungi with species distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Species of Ganoderma in living Leguminosae were observed in Park de la Salud in Pance, Cali, Colombia and we record G. multiplicatum for the first time from Colombia. A distribution map of this genus in the Neotropical region is presented. 

A new species of Phycodes from China (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea: Brachodidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2797 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
AXEL KALLIES ◽  
MIN WANG ◽  
YUTAKA ARITA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Palaearctic Region ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Oriental Region ◽  
Small Family ◽  
A New Species

Brachodidae are a small family of fewer than 140 described species that are distributed worldwide except in North America. They reach their greatest diversity in the tropical regions of Asia and South America; however, many species occur in the Palaearctic region and in Australia, but these are restricted to a small number of genera. More than 40 species are known from the Oriental region and many more await description (Kallies 1998, 2000, 2004).

scholarly journals Tropical climate and vegetation changes during Heinrich Event 1: a model-data comparison

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Handiani ◽  
A. Paul ◽  
L. Dupont
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Data Comparison ◽  
Heinrich Event ◽  
Climate Background ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
Glacial Climate ◽  
Heinrich Event 1

Abstract. Abrupt climate changes from 18 to 15 thousand years before present (kyr BP) associated with Heinrich Event 1 (HE1) had a strong impact on vegetation patterns not only at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, but also in the tropical regions around the Atlantic Ocean. To gain a better understanding of the linkage between high and low latitudes, we used the University of Victoria (UVic) Earth System-Climate Model (ESCM) with dynamical vegetation and land surface components to simulate four scenarios of climate-vegetation interaction: the pre-industrial era, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and a Heinrich-like event with two different climate backgrounds (interglacial and glacial). We calculated mega-biomes from the plant-functional types (PFTs) generated by the model to allow for a direct comparison between model results and palynological vegetation reconstructions. Our calculated mega-biomes for the pre-industrial period and the LGM corresponded well with biome reconstructions of the modern and LGM time slices, respectively, except that our pre-industrial simulation predicted the dominance of grassland in southern Europe and our LGM simulation resulted in more forest cover in tropical and sub-tropical South America. The HE1-like simulation with a glacial climate background produced sea-surface temperature patterns and enhanced inter-hemispheric thermal gradients in accordance with the "bipolar seesaw" hypothesis. We found that the cooling of the Northern Hemisphere caused a southward shift of those PFTs that are indicative of an increased desertification and a retreat of broadleaf forests in West Africa and northern South America. The mega-biomes from our HE1 simulation agreed well with paleovegetation data from tropical Africa and northern South America. Thus, according to our model-data comparison, the reconstructed vegetation changes for the tropical regions around the Atlantic Ocean were physically consistent with the remote effects of a Heinrich event under a glacial climate background.

Cissus lombardiana a new name for Cissus ulmifolia (Vitaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-98
Author(s):  
RAMALINGAM KOTTAIMUTHU ◽  
MUTHURAMALINGAM JOTHI BASU ◽  
KULLAIYAN SATHIYADASH ◽  
VELUSWAMY KARTHIKEYAN
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Fossil Taxon ◽  
New Name ◽  
Recent Estimate ◽  
The Family

Cissus Linnaeus (1753: 117) is the most speciose genus in the family Vitaceae and notable for its pantropical intercontinental disjunct pattern (Liu et al. 2013). According to the recent estimate, the genus is known to have 291 accepted species (POWO 2020) and it is widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, Australia, Central and South America and Mexico (Wen 2007). The main characters delimiting Cissus from other Vitaceae genera are the well-developed, thick and undivided floral disks, tetramerous flowers, one-seeded berries, and seeds with a long and linear chalaza (Wen 2007). In South America, Cissus is represented by 64 species (Lombardi 2000, 2007, Rodrigues et al. 2014). Amongst C. ulmifolia (Baker 1871: 213) Planchon (1887: 552) that is a later homonym of an Italian fossil taxon Cissus ulmifolia Massalongo (1858: 80). While checking the literature and relevant websites for the availability of any synonyms, we found that C. allenii Croat (1977: 358) and C. serrulatifolia Williams (1962: 375) are listed as heterotypic synonyms of C. ulmifolia in Tropicos (2020) following Nelson (2010). However, C. allenii was synonymized under C. serrulatifolia by most of the workers (Govaerts 1999, Lombardi 2007, Morales 2015, POWO 2020, Raz & Zamora 2020) but C. ulmifolia was treated as a distinct species. So in order to ascertain the taxonomic status, we critically studied the protologues and digital specimens including types of these three species, we found that the characters of C. allenii are well within the range of C. serrulatifolia but C. ulmifolia differs from them by its 4-sided, distinctly winged stem (vs. stem terete, not winged or wingless in C. serrulatifolia) and the fruits ovoid or ovoid–subglobose, smooth (vs. obovoid or subpyriform, lenticellate in C. serrulatifolia). Since no other validly published legitimate name is available for this species (Lombardi 2007, Mota de Oliveira & Jansen-Jacobs 2016, POWO 2020), therefore, the authors propose Cissus lombardiana as a replacement name.

scholarly journals Amphibians in Zootaxa: 20 years documenting the global diversity of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4979 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69
Author(s):  
MAURICIO RIVERA-CORREA ◽  
DIEGO BALDO ◽  
FLORENCIA VERA CANDIOTI ◽  
VICTOR GOYANNES DILL ORRICO ◽  
DAVID C. BLACKBURN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Global Diversity ◽  
Full Color ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Species Descriptions

Zootaxa is a mega-journal that since its inception, 20 years ago, has contributed to the documentation of the planet’s biodiversity. Its role concerning terrestrial vertebrates has been crucial especially for amphibians, which are the most threatened class of vertebrates. As current editors of the Amphibia section, we reviewed the state of knowledge of taxonomic publications on amphibians over the last two decades (from 2001 to 2020). Our review reveals that 2,533 frogs, 259 salamanders, and 55 caecilians have been named in these 20 years, mainly in the tropical regions of South America, Asia, and Africa. More than half (57%) of these species descriptions were published in only 10 journals. At least 827 species of the new amphibians (29% of the total) were described in Zootaxa. This mega-journal has served also as a place of publication for monographs and systematic reviews, in addition to short articles documenting the vocalizations of anurans and the morphology of embryos and larvae. Its efficient evaluation process, the freedom of manuscript length, including full-color figures, and free of cost for the authors, has made Zootaxa a favorite for amphibian researchers. In an era of accelerating rates of biodiversity loss, documenting, describing, naming, and proposing evolutionary scenarios for species is, more than ever, an urgent task. 

scholarly journals Precipitação na América do Sul: Médias Climáticas e Padrões da Variabilidade no Período entre 1979 e 2008

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 032
Author(s):  
Éder Leandro Maier ◽  
Juliana Costi ◽  
Sandra Barreira ◽  
Jefferson Cardia Simões
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The North ◽  
North Atlantic Variability

Este artigo discute os principais padrões médios e anômalos da precipitação sobre a América do Sul no período 1979–2008. Para isso foram manipulados dados mensais da precipitação observada em 890 estações meteorológicas localizadas na Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai ao longo desse período de trinta anos. As médias climáticas foram subtraídas das amostras, originando as anomalias, as quais foram agrupadas por meio da Análise das Componentes Principais em dois modos. No modo T se identificou 6 componentes principais, que explicam 35% da variância e representam 12 padrões espaciais anômalos originados, principalmente, pelo fenômeno El Niño–Oscilação Sul (ENOS) e pela variabilidade do Atlântico Norte. No modo S foram identificadas 8 zonas em que a variabilidade temporal das séries anômalas é semelhante, sendo que o ENOS prevalece no controle das anomalias nas zonas situadas na região equatorial e extratropical, além disso, a variabilidade do Atlântico Norte pode maximizar ou minimizar os impactos do ENOS. A frequência de recorrência desses estresses hídrico variam entre 20 e 60 meses.  This article discusses mean and anomalous rainfall patterns over South America in the period 1979–2008. For that we handled monthly precipitation data observed at 890 meteorological stations located in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay over this thirty years period. Climatic means were subtracted from the data, resulting in anomalies that were grouped by Principal Component Analysis in two modes. We identified 6 main components in the T mode, which explain 35% of the variance and represent 12 anomalous spatial patterns originated mainly by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and the North Atlantic variability. In mode S, we identified eight zones where the series temporal variability is also anomalous, and the ENOS prevails as the anomalies controller in the equatorial and extra tropical regions. Further, North Atlantic variability may maximize or minimize the ENSO impact. The frequency of these recurrent water stresses range from 20 to 60 months. Keywords: Precipitation, South America, PCA  

scholarly journals About Validation-Comparison of Burned Area Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3972
Author(s):  
Germán M. Valencia ◽  
Jesús A. Anaya ◽  
Éver A. Velásquez ◽  
Rubén Ramo ◽  
Francisco J. Caro-Lopera
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Random Matrix Theory ◽  
Random Matrix ◽  
Matrix Theory ◽  
Permutation Tests ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Tropical Regions

This paper proposes a validation-comparison method for burned area (BA) products. The technique considers: (1) bootstrapping of scenes for validation-comparison and (2) permutation tests for validation. The research focuses on the tropical regions of Northern Hemisphere South America and Northern Hemisphere Africa and studies the accuracy of the BA products: MCD45, MCD64C5.1, MCD64C6, Fire CCI C4.1, and Fire CCI C5.0. The first and second parts consider methods based on random matrix theory for zone differentiation and multiple ancillary variables such as BA, the number of burned fragments, ecosystem type, land cover, and burned biomass. The first method studies the zone effect using bootstrapping of Riemannian, full Procrustes, and partial Procrustes distances. The second method explores the validation by using distance permutation tests under uncertainty. The results refer to Fire CCI 5.0 with the best BA description, followed by MCD64C6, MCD64C5.1, MCD45, and Fire CCI 4.1. It was also found that biomass, total BA, and the number of fragments affect the BA product accuracy.

scholarly journals Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Genus Tovomita

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000
Author(s):  
Francesco Epifano ◽  
Maria Carmela Specchiulli ◽  
Vito Alessandro Taddeo ◽  
Serena Fiorito ◽  
Salvatore Genovese
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Natural Remedies

The genus Tovomita (Fam. Clusiaceae) comprises 45 species mainly found in tropical regions of Central and South America. Most of the species of the title genus have been used for centuries as natural remedies. Phytochemicals isolated from Tovomita spp. include prenylated and unprenylated benzophenones and xanthones. The aim of this review is to examine in detail from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view what is reported in the past and current literature about the properties of phytopreparations and individual active principles obtained from plants belonging to the Tovomita genus.

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